41. Energy spectrum of cosmic rays measured using the Pierre Auger ObservatoryV. Novotný, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: We present the energy spectrum of cosmic rays measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory from 6×10^15 eV up to the most extreme energies where the accumulated exposure reaches about 80 000 km^2sr yr. The wide energy range is covered with five different measurements, namely using the events detected by the surface detector with zenith angles below 60 degrees and applying different reconstruction method also above 60 degrees, those collected by a denser array, the hybrid events simultaneously recorded by the surface and fluorescence detectors, and using those events in which the signal is dominated by Cherenkov light registered by the high-elevation telescopes. In this contribution, we report updates of the analysis techniques and present the spectrum obtained by combining the five different measurements. Spectral features occurring in the wide energy range covered by the Observatory are discussed.
Ključne besede: Pierre Auger Observatory, indirect detection, fluorescence detection, surface detection, hybrid detection, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, cerenkov light, energy spectrum, inclined showers
Objavljeno v RUNG: 03.10.2023; Ogledov: 538; Prenosov: 5
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42. Hotspot Update, and a new Excess of Events on the Sky Seen by the Telescope Array ExperimentJ. Kim, Jon Paul Lundquist, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The Telescope Array (TA) experiment, the largest observatory studying ultrahigh energy cosmic rays in the northern hemisphere, has reported an excess in the arrival direction distribution for events with energies above 5.7×10^19 eV
, called the hotspot. We report here the latest results of the TA hotspot using the most recent data measured by the TA surface detector array, which is more than doubled exposure since the first publication; the hotspot still exists with 3 sigma post-trial significance. By using an oversampling search with a 20∘-circle, similar to the study of the hotspot, we find an additional excess of events at slightly lower energies. The Perseus-Pisces supercluster lies at the location of the new excess. Assuming this structure is responsible for the excess, we conducted a statistical analysis to verify the correlation between observed events and the members of the Perseus-Pisces supercluster.
Ključne besede: Telescope Array, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, anisotropy, hotspot
Objavljeno v RUNG: 03.10.2023; Ogledov: 582; Prenosov: 6
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43. Reconstruction of air shower events measured by the surface detectors of the TAx4 experimentH. Jeong, Jon Paul Lundquist, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The source, propagation and acceleration mechanism of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) have been investigated since the first discovery of the UHECRs to solve the mystery of the extremely high-energy universe. The Telescope Array times 4 (TAx4) experiment, which currently consists of 257 Surface Detectors (SDs) and 2 Fluorescence Detector (FD) stations, had been built in Utah, USA in 2019. The TAx4 SDs observe secondary particles in an extensive air shower induced by the UHECR, and we reconstruct arrival direction and energy of the UHECR using the signal intensities and timings measured by the SDs. We present the reconstruction procedure of the UHECR and the preliminary energy spectrum above 10~EeV measured by the TAx4 SDs.
Ključne besede: Telescope Array, TAx4, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, energy spectrum
Objavljeno v RUNG: 03.10.2023; Ogledov: 592; Prenosov: 4
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44. Large-scale and multipolar anisotropies of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory with energies above 4 EeVR. de Almeida, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: More than half a century after the discovery of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), their origin is still an open question. The study of anisotropies in the arrival directions of such particles is an essential ingredient to solve this puzzle. We update our previous analysis of large-scale anisotropies observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory using the latest data collected before the AugerPrime upgrade. We select events with zenith angles up to 80 degrees, implying a sky coverage of 85%, and energies above 4 EeV, for which the surface detector of the Observatory is fully efficient. Dipolar and quadrupolar amplitudes are evaluated through a combined Fourier analysis of the event count rate in right ascension and azimuth. The analysis is performed in three energy bins with boundaries at 4, 8, 16 and 32 EeV and two additional cumulative bins with energies above 8 and 32 EeV. The most significant signal is a dipolar modulation in right ascension for energies above 8 EeV, as previously reported, with statistical significance of 6.6σ. Additionally, we report the measurements of the angular power spectrum for the same energy bins with the same dataset.
Ključne besede: Pierre Auger Observatory, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, anisotropy, dipole, quadropole, angular power spectrum, inclined showers
Objavljeno v RUNG: 03.10.2023; Ogledov: 641; Prenosov: 4
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45. Joint analysis of the energy spectrum of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays as measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope ArrayY. Tsunesada, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The measurement of the energy spectrum of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is of crucial importance to clarify their origin and acceleration mechanisms. The Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina and the Telescope Array (TA) in the US have reported their measurements of UHECR energy spectra observed in the southern and northern hemisphere, respectively. The region of the sky accessible to both Observatories ([−15,+24] degrees in declination) can be used to cross-calibrate the two spectra.
The Auger-TA energy spectrum working group was organized in 2012 and has been working to understand the uncertainties in energy scale in both experiments, their systematic differences, and differences in the shape of the spectra. In previous works, we reported that there was an overall agreement of the energy spectra measured by the two observatories below 10 EeV while at higher energies, a remaining significant difference was observed in the common declination band. We revisit this issue to understand its origin by examining the systematic uncertainties, statistical effects, and other possibilities. We will also discuss the differences in the spectra in different declination bands and a new feature in the spectrum recently reported by the Auger Collaboration.
Ključne besede: Telescope Array, Pierre Auger Observatory, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, energy spectrum, anisotropy, declination dependence, fully sky
Objavljeno v RUNG: 02.10.2023; Ogledov: 571; Prenosov: 6
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46. Constraining Lorentz Invariance Violation using the muon content of extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger ObservatoryC. Trimarelli, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: Lorentz symmetry requires the space-time structure to be the same for all observers, but, on the other hand, various quantum gravity theories suggest that it may be violated when approaching the Planck scale. Even a small violation of Lorentz Invariance (LI) could easily affect the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) propagation on a cosmological scale. Moreover, at the extreme energies, like those available in the collision of UHECRs with atmosphere, one should also expect a change in the interactions and, therefore, in the development of extensive air showers. For the first time, this effect has been studied using the muon content of air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory. After having introduced Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV) as a perturbation term in the single particle dispersion relation, a library of simulated showers with different energies, primary particles and LIV strengths has been produced. Leading to a change in the energy threshold of particle decays, the modification of the energy-momentum relation allows hadronic interactions of neutral pions that contribute to the growth of the hadronic cascade. As a consequence, an increase in the number of muons and a decrease in their intrinsic fluctuations are expected. Comparing the Monte Carlo expectations with the muon fluctuation measurements from the Pierre Auger Observatory, limits on LIV parameters have been derived and presented in this contribution.
Ključne besede: Pierre Auger Observatory, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, muons, air showers, Lorentz violation
Objavljeno v RUNG: 02.10.2023; Ogledov: 667; Prenosov: 6
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47. Anisotropy search in the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Spectrum in the Northern Hemisphere using latest data obtained with Telescope Array surface detectorT. Nonaka, Jon Paul Lundquist, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The Telescope Array (TA) experiment is located in the western desert of Utah, USA and observes ultra-high energy cosmic rays in the northern hemisphere. At the energies, the shape of the cosmic ray energy spectrum carries information of the source distribution. We present the search for differences in spectrum shape in different parts of the sky using latest data of TA surface detector (SD) data. From this study, we observe an apparent enhancement in the region of the northern sky that contain nearby objects, such as the super-galactic plane. Details of this analysis will be presented.
Ključne besede: Telescope Array, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, energy spectrum, anisotropy
Objavljeno v RUNG: 02.10.2023; Ogledov: 553; Prenosov: 5
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48. A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universalityP. Savina, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies
above ∼ 0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a
fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (Xmax) and a
steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon
searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1–10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of Xmax with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy.
Ključne besede: Pierre Auger Observatory, indirect detection, fluorescence detection, surface array, hybrid detection, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, photons
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.09.2023; Ogledov: 690; Prenosov: 5
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49. The UHECR dipole and quadrupole in the latest data from the original Auger and TA surface detectorsP. Tinyakov, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays are still unknown, but assuming standard physics, they are expected to lie within a few hundred megaparsecs from us. Indeed, over cosmological distances cosmic rays lose energy to interactions with background photons, at a rate depending on their mass number and energy and properties of photonuclear interactions and photon backgrounds. The universe is not homogeneous at such scales, hence the distribution of the arrival directions of cosmic rays is expected to reflect the inhomogeneities in the distribution of galaxies; the shorter the energy loss lengths, the stronger the expected anisotropies. Galactic and intergalactic magnetic fields can blur and distort the picture, but the magnitudes of the largest-scale anisotropies, namely the dipole and quadrupole moments, are the most robust to their effects. Measuring them with no bias regardless of any higher-order multipoles is not possible except with full-sky coverage. In this work, we achieve this in three energy ranges (approximately 8-16 EeV, 16-32 EeV, and 32-∞ EeV) by combining surface-detector data collected at the Pierre Auger Observatory until 2020 and at the Telescope Array (TA) until 2019, before the completion of the upgrades of the arrays with new scintillator detectors. We find that the full-sky coverage achieved by combining Auger and TA data reduces the uncertainties on the north-south components of the dipole and quadrupole in half compared to Auger-only results.
Ključne besede: Pierre Auger Observatory, Telescope Array, indirect detection, surface detection, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, anisotropy, large scale, fully sky coverage, dipole, quadropole
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.09.2023; Ogledov: 650; Prenosov: 4
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50. Event-by-event reconstruction of the shower maximum Xmax with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory using deep learningJ. Glombitza, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, Lukas Zehrer, 2022, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The measurement of the mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays constitutes a prime challenge in astroparticle physics. Most detailed information on the composition can be obtained from measurements of the depth of maximum of air showers, Xmax, with the use of fluorescence telescopes, which can be operated only during clear and moonless nights.
Using deep neural networks, it is now possible for the first time to perform an event-by-event reconstruction of Xmax with the Surface Detector (SD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Therefore, previously recorded data can be analyzed for information on Xmax, and thus, the cosmic-ray composition. Since the SD operates with a duty cycle of almost 100% and its event selection is less strict than for the Fluorescence Detector (FD), the gain in statistics with respect to the FD is almost a factor of 15 for energies above 10^19.5 eV.
In this contribution, we introduce the neural network particularly designed for the SD of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We evaluate its performance using three different hadronic interaction models, verify its functionality using Auger hybrid measurements, and find that the method can extract mass information on an event level.
Ključne besede: Pierre Auger Observatory, indirect detection, surface detection, ground array, ultra-high energy, cosmic rays, composition, neural network, machine learning
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.09.2023; Ogledov: 649; Prenosov: 5
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