131. Age-related effects on language production : A combined psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic perspectiveAndrea Marini, Sara Andreetta, 2016, samostojni znanstveni sestavek ali poglavje v monografski publikaciji Opis: This chapter focuses on the effects of aging on the process of language production from a psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic perspective. The first section provides a detailed description of the language production system by outlining the notions of micro- and macrolinguistic processing and introducing to some of the most influential psycholinguistic models of message production. The second part focuses on psycholinguistic investigations assessing age-related variations in the ability to produce a verbal message. A conclusive section outlines the complex interplay between the neural changes induced by aging and the reorganization of the language production system.
Ključne besede: aging, language, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics
Objavljeno v RUNG: 09.05.2016; Ogledov: 4974; Prenosov: 0 |
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133. The effect of bilingualism on the processing of scalar implicaturesPenka Stateva, Sara Andreetta, Ludivine Dupuy, Anne Cheylus, Viviane Déprez, Jean-Baptiste van der Henst, Jacques Jayez, Arthur Stepanov, Anne Reboul, 2016, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci Opis: Scalar implicatures have been extensively investigated in the experimental literature, but almost exclusively in monolingual speakers. Very little research has been conducted on the pragmatic abilities of multilingual populations, including early bilinguals to L2 learners, a gap the current study aims to remedy.
Ključne besede: L2 learning and early bilingualism, comprehension of scalar implicatures
Objavljeno v RUNG: 22.04.2016; Ogledov: 4979; Prenosov: 0
Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
134. Vpliv onesnažil iz okoljskih aerosolov na tarčne celice v pljučihSara Pribovšek, 2016, diplomsko delo Opis: Diplomsko delo obravnava vpliv onesnažil iz okoljskih aerosolov na dva celična tipa, ki jih najdemo v pljučih, pljučne epitelijske celice A549 in makrofage J774A.1. Kot vir onesnažil smo uporabili ekstrakt saj iz zračnega filtra. Uporabili smo kvarčne zračne filtre z delci črnega ogljika, ki so nastali kot posledica gorenja sveče. V laboratorijskih poskusih smo testirali neposredni vpliv saj na celično živost (viabilnost) pljučnih epitelijskih celic in makrofagov po 24 urah in 48 urah inkubacije z različnimi koncentracijami saj in kontrolama. Celično živost smo merili s pomočjo reagenta Presto Blue. Posreden vpliv saj na pljučne epitelijske celice smo preverjali z merjenjem celične živosti po 24 urah in 48 urah inkubacije s topnimi dejavniki, ki so jih sprostili tretirani in kontrolni makrofagi (gojišče MCM). Gojišče MCM smo pripravili tako, da smo makrofage 48 ur aktivirali z raztopino saj oziroma jih nismo aktivirali (kontrolno gojišče MCM). Na koncu smo pri obeh celičnih tipih ugotavljali tudi gensko stabilnost s pomočjo posredne imunofluorescentne metode. Celice smo označili s protitelesi anti-fosfo histon H2A.X, ki so se vezala na mesta, kjer je zaradi izpostavljenosti raztopini saj prišlo do poškodb DNA. Rezultati so pokazali, da raztopina saj vpliva na celično živost pljučnih epitelijskih celic in makrofagov v obratno sorazmernem trendu v odvisnosti od koncentracije saj. Raztopina saj je imela vpliv tudi na morfološke spremembe obeh celičnih linij. Rezultati vpliva topnih dejavnikov makrofagov na epitelijske pljučne celice niso pokazali statistično značilnih razlik, zato posrednega vpliva saj na viabilnost pljučnih celic zaradi kompleksnosti delovanja topnih faktorjev makrofagov nismo dokazali. Pokazali pa smo, da imajo saje velik vpliv tudi na gensko stabilnost pljučnih epitelijskih celic in makrofagov. V diplomskem delu smo tako pokazali, da že krajša izpostavljenost onesnažilom iz zraka vodi do poškodb DNA in zmanjšane celične živosti tarčnih celic, kar je bilo še zlasti izrazito pri makrofagih.
Ključne besede: makrofagi, pljučne epitelijske celice, delci, policiklični aromatski ogljikovodiki, celična živost, genotoksičnost.
Objavljeno v RUNG: 09.03.2016; Ogledov: 6878; Prenosov: 195
 Celotno besedilo (7,73 MB) |
135. A multi-level approach to the analysis of narrative language in aphasiaAndrea Marini, Sara Andreetta, Silvana Del Tin, Sergio Carlomagno, 2011, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Several studies have shown that traditional standardised aphasia tests may not be sensitive enough to adequately assess linguistic deficits and recovery patterns in persons with aphasia. As a result, both functional and structural methods for the ana- lysis of connected language samples from people with aphasia have been devised (see Armstrong, 2000; Prins & Bastiaanse, 2004).
The present article focuses on our attempt to provide a comprehensive, multi-level procedure for both structural and functional analysis of narrative discourse produced by speakers with brain damage. Accordingly, we will describe a method for analysis of connected language samples elicited on single picture and cartoon story description tasks. This method has proven sensitive in the assessment of language deficits in many neurogenic populations.
A comprehensive description of the language production sys- tem, a thorough discussion of the different approaches to discourse analysis in persons with aphasia, and the procedure for the analysis of narrative discourse are detailed. The characteristics of the eliciting stimuli, the procedures for their administration and the transcription of the language samples are carefully explained. The analysis focuses on four main aspects of linguistic processing: productivity, lexical and grammatical pro- cessing, narrative organisation, and informativeness. To further illustrate the analytic procedure, two case reports and an appendix with the analysis of a narrative sample are provided.
We will provide direct evidence of the usefulness of the multi-level procedure for discourse analysis for assessing changes in discourse performance of two persons with fluent aphasia, with different aetiologies, that were not captured by tradi- tional standardised aphasia tests.
The method of analysis presented in this paper has strong grounds in linguistic and psychological theories of linguistic structure and functioning. It also has the advantage of being both quantitative and functional as it captures selective aspects of linguistic processing, and can provide relevant information about the person's communicative and informative skills.
Ključne besede: aphasia, language, narrative analysis
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.03.2016; Ogledov: 4461; Prenosov: 1
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136. Narrative discourse in anomic aphasiaSara Andreetta, Anna Cantagallo, Andrea Marini, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Anomic aphasia is a disturbance affecting lexical retrieval. Nonetheless, persons with this disorder may also experience difficulties in the construction of coherent narratives. Whether this symptom is a sign of a macrolinguistic difficulty per se or reflects the lexical disorder is still an open debate. In order to analyze the effect of the lexical impairment on macrolinguistic processing, we compared the narrative skills of a group of ten participants with chronic anomic aphasia with those of ten healthy control individuals matched for age and educational level. The anomic participants produced narratives with lowered speech rate, reduced mean length of utterance, fewer grammatically well-formed sentences, more semantic paraphasias. The macrolinguistic analysis showed that they also produced more errors of cohesion and global coherence and fewer lexical information units. Interestingly, their levels of thematic selection were normal. A bivariate correlational analysis showed a strong correlation between the production of errors of cohesion and production of complete sentences, and between production of errors of global coherence and lexical information units. These correlations showed that aspects related to lexical retrieval may affect macrolinguistic processing during the construction of a narrative. Indeed, it is suggested that lexical deficits lead to two main consequences: First, patients with anomia frequently interrupt the utterances they are producing and this reduces the levels of sentence completeness and the overall degree of cohesion across the utterances; Second, they use strategies to cope with the lexical impairment and produce a quantity of lexical fillers and repetitions that, clustered in utterances, reduce the levels of global coherence.
Ključne besede: aphasia, neurolinguistics, speech disorders, discourse analysis
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.03.2016; Ogledov: 4617; Prenosov: 0
Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
137. Patterns of impairment of narrative language in mild traumatic brain injuryValentina Galetto, Sara Andreetta, Marina Zettin, Andrea Marini, 2013, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a condition whose cognitive and behavioral sequelae are often underestimated, even when it exerts a profound impact on the patients’ every-day life. The present study aimed to analyze the features of narrative discourse impairment in a group of adults with mTBI. 10 mTBI non-aphasic speakers (GCS > 13) and 13 neurologically intact participants were recruited for the experiment. Their cognitive, linguistic and narrative skills were thoroughly assessed. The group of mTBIs exhibited normal phonological, lexical and grammatical skills. However, their narratives were characterized by the pres- ence of frequent interruptions of ongoing utterances, derailments and extraneous utterances that at times made their discourse vague and ambiguous. They produced more errors of global coherence [F (1; 21)1⁄424.242; p1⁄4.000; h2p1⁄40. 536] and fewer Lexical Information Units [F (1; 21) 1⁄4 7.068; p 1⁄4 .015; h2p 1⁄4 .252]. The errors of global coherence correlated negatively with non- perseverative errors on the WCST (r 1⁄4 1⁄4.755; p < .012). The mac- rolinguistic problems made their narrative samples less informa- tive than those produced by the group of control participants. These disturbances may reflect a deficit at the interface between cognitive and linguistic processing rather than a specific linguistic disturbance. These findings suggest that also persons with mild forms of TBI may experience linguistic disturbances that may hamper the quality of their every-day life.
Ključne besede: mild traumatic brain injury, narrative analysis, neurolinguistics, neuropsychology
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.03.2016; Ogledov: 4827; Prenosov: 1
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138. The effect of lexical deficits on narrative disturbances in fluent aphasiaSara Andreetta, Andrea Marini, 2015, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Background: The label “fluent aphasia” applies to different aphasic syndromes char- acterised by fluent speech with difficulties in lexical retrieval and/or grammatical processing.
Aims: This study aims at investigating microlinguistic and macrolinguistic skills in persons with fluent aphasia. We hypothesised that their lexical and syntactic (i.e., microlinguistic) difficulties would affect also their narrative (i.e., macrolinguistic) skills.
Methods & Procedures: Growing evidence shows that traditional tests may not be sensitive enough to capture the patterns of the linguistic impairments observed in these persons. Therefore, we used a narrative task to elicit linguistic samples. Spontaneous speech was elicited through a picture description task. The narrative samples were analysed with a multilevel approach that allows clinicians to quantify their productivity levels as well as their lexical, grammatical, and narrative skills. The spontaneous speech produced by a group of 20 persons with fluent aphasia was compared to that of a group of 20 healthy participants. All participants with aphasia were in the phase of neurological stability. The two groups were matched for age and level of formal education.
Outcomes & Results: Results showed that the lexical impairment observed in the group of participants with fluent aphasia hampered the ability to produce well-formed sentences that, in turn, lowered the levels of cohesion of their narrative samples. Furthermore, the reduced levels of lexical informativeness were found correlated also to the production of errors of global coherence.
Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that in these patients, microlin- guistic difficulties might affect macrolinguistic processing. Furthermore, these results stress the importance of a multilevel approach to assess linguistic skills in patients with fluent aphasia, as it assesses both microlinguistic and macrolinguistic dimensions in parallel. Therefore, it allows linguists, psychologists, and clinicians to observe how the linguistic levels interact during natural language processing.
Ključne besede: neurolinguistics, aphasia, discourse analysis, coherence
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.03.2016; Ogledov: 4618; Prenosov: 0
Gradivo ima več datotek! Več... |
139. Učinek menjave embalaže izdelkov izbranega podjetjaSara Vodopivec, 2014, diplomsko delo Opis: V podjetju dajejo vedno večji poudarek pospeševanju prodaje in marketingu ter temu primerno namenjajo tudi vedno več denarnih sredstev. Danes ni več najpomembneje, kakšen izdelek prodajaš, temveč le, ali ga znaš prodati. Vedno bolj postaja pomemben tudi videz embalaže in ne samo izdelek, ki je v njej. Embalaža mora biti privlačna za kupca in ga mora pritegniti ter privabiti v nakup. V diplomskem delu smo predstavili pospeševanje prodaje, pomen embalaže, podjetje Fructal in njegove izdelke, menjavo embalaže dvema izdelkoma ter učinek te menjave. Skozi teoretični del smo na kratko predstavili pospeševanje prodaje ter osnovne funkcije embalaže. Poleg tega teoretični del opisuje zgodovino, pomen, orodja in cilje pospeševanja prodaje ter pomen, funkcijo in kriterije ocenjevanja embalaže. V analitičnem delu pa smo analizirali menjavo embalaže dvema izdelkoma in navedli nekaj lastnih predlogov za izboljšanje. Z analizo podjetja Fructal in njegove menjave embalaže izdelkoma Fructal Classic in Smoothie smo prišli do sklepov in ugotovitev, ki bi morda pomagali podjetju. Na splošno je bila menjava embalaže izdelka Classic dobro ocenjena, medtem ko je bila menjava embalaže izdelku Smoothie slabše ocenjena. Menimo, da bi moralo podjetje Fructal v spremembe bolj vključiti potrošnike in jim te še bolje skomunicirati in približati.
Ključne besede: Fructal, Smoothie, Classic, pospeševanje prodaje, embalaža, marketing, učinek menjave embalaže, analiza
Objavljeno v RUNG: 23.10.2015; Ogledov: 5841; Prenosov: 294
Celotno besedilo (1,39 MB) |
140. Določevanje kroma(VI) v mikrofluidnem sistemu z optotermično mikroskopsko detekcijo : /Sara Malovrh, 2015, diplomsko delo Opis: Krom (Cr) spada med kovinske onesnaževalce, katerega učinek na okolje je močno odvisen od oksidacijskega stanja. Za ljudi je problematična njegova šestvalentna oblika Cr(VI), ki je rakotvorna, zato je potreba po hitri detekciji Cr(VI) velika. V diplomski nalogi smo preverjali točnost detekcije Cr(VI) ob prisotnosti različnih presežkov motečih elementov kot so šestvalentni molibden (Mo(VI)), petvalentni vanadij (V(V)), trivalentno železo (Fe(III)) in dvovalentno živo srebro (Hg(II)). Po kolorimetrični reakciji čistega standarda Cr(VI) in raztopin motečih elementov z difenilkarbazidom (DPC) smo za meritev uporabili spektrofotometrijsko metodo (SPEC) in mikroskopijo s toplotnimi lečami v mikrofluidnem sistemu za pretočno injekcijsko analizo (µFIA - TLM). Rezultati so pokazali, da največjo napako pri meritvah povzroči prisotnost V(V). Izvedli smo tudi študijo razpada preiskovanih kompleksov Cr-DPCO, Mo-DPCO, V-DPCO, Fe-DPCO in Hg-DPCO v odvisnosti od moči vzbujevalnega laserja v mikrofluidnem TLS sistemu (TLM). Dokazali smo, da je železov kompleks stabilnejši od ostalih preiskovanih ionskih kompleksov, ki so znani kot fotolabilni. Z izračunom spodnje meje določevanja (LOD) za SPEC in TLM metodo smo pokazali, da je TLM, zaradi nižje LOD vrednosti primernejša metoda za detekcijo nizkih koncentracij Cr(VI) v vzorcu. Analiza vzorcev iz Soče in Ljubljanice je prikazala sliko realnega stanja v, potencialno s Cr(VI), onesnaženi reki.
Ključne besede: spektrofotometrija, TLS, TLM, fotolabilnost, moteči elementi
Objavljeno v RUNG: 30.09.2015; Ogledov: 6883; Prenosov: 275
Celotno besedilo (1,62 MB) |
