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41.
The atypical pattern of irony comprehension in children with high-functioning autism
Greta Mazzaggio, Francesca Foppolo, Beatrice Giustolisi, Luca Surian, 2018, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci

Opis: Irony comprehension is a complex task that typically developing (TD) children reach around the age of six. Some scholars (Sullivan et al., 1995 a.o.) claimed that 2nd order Theory of Mind (ToM) skills are required to understand irony, but also linguistic abilities (which predict ToM development: Milligan, Astington & Dack, 2007) play a role (Filippova & Astington, 2008; Bosco & Gabbatore, 2017). Children with high-functioning autism (HFA) have intact linguistic abilities, but impaired social relations. Some children with ASD pass even 2nd order ToM tasks, even if they could be using compensatory verbalizing strategies (Fisher, Happé & Dunn, 2005; Happé, 1995; Tager-Flusberg, 2000). We tested irony comprehension in HFA children with the aim to assess the contribution of the factors that may facilitate it and disentangle their relationships. We analyzed responses to the key question to understand irony, i.e. questions on speaker’s meaning and attitude. HFA children showed a peculiar pattern: their accuracy on literal stories was at ceiling, demonstrating that they understood the task, but in irony comprehension they lag behind their TD peers matched for age and non-verbal IQ. Even if this result was not unexpected, given the impairment in social communication associated to HFA, our group of 26 HFA showed a somehow surprising bimodal distribution. Moreover, differently from the TD group, accuracy on ironic stories did not depend neither on age nor on (non-)verbal IQ in HFA participants. And conversely ToM skills played a significant role in irony understanding only for HFA children, and not for TD children.In order to account for these data, we can hypothesize that – in general – HFA children show an impairment in pragmatic inference abilities and in ToM abilities (see Loukusa & Moilanen, 2009 and Baron-Cohen, 2000 for a review), as found also in our sample of LP children. The HP children, on the other hand, might adopt a strategy, different from TD children, to respond correctly to ironic stories, as suggested by Wang et al. (2006). Interestingly, Pexman et al. (2011) found that HFA children, who did not differ in accuracy with respect to TD controls, applied a different processing strategy for irony comprehension, and hypothesized that they resort to a more rule-based strategy, with an intellectual-style approach to compensate their social deficits. Our bimodal distribution could then identify two classes of HFA participants: the LP ones correspond to the pragmatic-impaired profile of HFA, the HP ones on the other hand could be using a compensatory strategy, since they could have been trained to recognize irony and/or other persons’ states of mind (ToM) during speech therapy sessions, as reported in Persicke et al. (2013). Future research should investigate this hypothesis more in depth, with a longitudinal study of HFA participants after a training in irony comprehension, in ToM metarepresentational abilities, and without training.
Ključne besede: irony processing, autism developmental disorder, theory of mind, IQ, experimental pragamtics
Objavljeno v RUNG: 21.09.2021; Ogledov: 1780; Prenosov: 54
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42.
Guess what? : comparing ad-hoc and scalar implicatures in children with autism spectrum disorder
Greta Mazzaggio, Francesca Foppolo, Chiara Caretta, Remo Job, Luca Surian, 2017, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci

Opis: Pragmatic abilities of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been the subject of extensive research, often considering their communicative problems as derived from their deficit in Theory of Mind (ToM). On the other hand, recent studies on the derivation of scalar implicatures (SIs)– such as some but not all that are built on certain lexical items ordered in an entailment scale based on their informativeness, e.g. "some, all" − found no differences between typical population and people with ASD. With our work we find out that TD group’s performance was significantly better in the ad-hoc condition than the ASD’s, and both groups’ performance was related to Age. With respect to the SIs condition, the TD group’s performance was numerically better than the ASD group, but the difference was not significant, which may be due to a lack of power. Moreover, there is again a positive relationship between Age and SI performance, but only for the TD group. For the ASD group, there are positive relationships between SI performance and ToM as well as the linguistic syntactic measure. These relationships suggest that there is something different underlying the two groups’ performance in the SI condition. In computing SIs, ASD children seem to rely mainly on their syntactic linguistic abilities, which in turn are strongly connected with ToM skills; this connection can be related with the syntactic complexity of ToM’s clauses that involve subordination e.g. You believe that I believe that you believe. On the other hand, given that the best predictor for ad-hoc implicatures computation in ASD children is Age, we may suggest that indeed there is a delay in the development of pragmatic abilities in ASD children, also confirmed by the lower ToM scores in the ASD group. In conclusion, it seems that the computation of SIs and ad-hoc implicatures rests on different computational mechanisms and future research should take this insight into consideration.
Ključne besede: theory of mind, scalar implicatures, adhoc implicatures, autism spectrum disorder
Objavljeno v RUNG: 21.09.2021; Ogledov: 1830; Prenosov: 51
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43.
Reading between the lines : conversational implicature processing in typical and atypical populations
Greta Mazzaggio, 2018, doktorska disertacija

Opis: This thesis' aim is to add some pieces to the complex puzzle on the mechanism behind the comprehension of conversational implicatures. To do so, in a series of experiment we manipulated both the type of implicatures (scalar vs. ad-hoc) and the population under investigation (typical vs. atypical; children vs. adults).
Ključne besede: scalar implicatures, experimental pragmatics, autism developmental disorder, bilingualism, typically developing children, theory of mind, dissertations
Objavljeno v RUNG: 20.09.2021; Ogledov: 2048; Prenosov: 0
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44.
A diminished propensityto compute scalar implicaturesis linked to autistic traits
Greta Mazzaggio, Luca Surian, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: We investigated whether there is an association between autistic traits in the broader pheno- type and the ability to compute scalar implicatures. Previous studies found that the frequency of autistic traits is higher in students of science than of humanities. Here we recorded the frequency of rejection of underinformative scalar items in students enrolled either in a science or in a humanities curriculum and assessed their autistic traits using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient questionnaire. We found that rejec- tions were less frequent in science curricula students than in humanities curricula students. Moreover, rejections were associated negatively with autistic traits and positively with performance on Theory- of-Mind tasks. These findings suggest that autism cognitive phenotype is negatively associated with a propensity to spontaneously derive scalar implicatures.
Ključne besede: scalar implicatures, quantifiers, Autism-spectrum Quotient, pragmatics, theory of mind
Objavljeno v RUNG: 17.09.2021; Ogledov: 1745; Prenosov: 0
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45.
Ad-hoc and scalar implicatures in children with autism spectrum disorder
Greta Mazzaggio, Francesca Foppolo, Remo Job, Luca Surian, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Previous studies found that people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) perform well on pragmatic inference tests that require the use of the linguistic scale . The present study extends previous research by testing two types of implicature: scalar implicatures, based on lexical scales, and ad-hoc implicatures, based on contextual scales. We tested 26 children with ASD aged 4–10 years (mean age 7.1) and 26 typically developing (TD) children – matched on chronological age and with a similar performance in non- verbal IQ and vocabulary – by means of a picture selection task for scalar and ad-hoc implica- tures. We also investigated the effect of children’s scores in standardized tests measuring non- verbal intelligence, lexical, and morphosyntactic abilities and Theory-of-Mind skills on their performance in the implicature tasks. Although more than half of the children with ASD performed above chance on both kinds of implicatures, their performance as a group was significantly lower than the performance of their TD peers. General cognitive abilities were found to affect the performance of children with ASD on both kinds of implicatures, and Theory-of-Mind reasoning skills were found to be linked to their performance on scalar, but not ad-hoc implicatures. We show that children with ASD have difficulty with both kinds of implicatures. These findings may have implications for explanatory theories of pragmatics as well as for clinical work with children with ASD.
Ključne besede: experimental pragmatics, scalar implicatures, high-functioning autism, theory of mind, development
Objavljeno v RUNG: 17.09.2021; Ogledov: 1826; Prenosov: 0
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46.
Codes generated by ordered algebraic structures
Hashem Bordbar, 2021, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci

Opis: Error-control codes are used to detect and correct errors that occur when data are trans-mitted across some noisy channel or stored on some medium. The study of error-control codes is called coding theory and emerged in 1948 by Claud Shannon's paper which demonstrated that by proper encoding of the data, errors induced by a noisy channel can be reduced to any desired level without sacrificing the rate of information transmission. Some algebraic structures, includes the study and discovery of various coding schemes, are used to increase the number of errors that can be corrected during data transmission. One of the classes of logical algebra is ordered algebras which were introduced by Imai and Iseki in 1966. In this note, I study the codes generating by the ordered algebraic structures such as BCK-algebras and BL-algebras. For this goal, symmetric rela-tions on these ordered structures facilitate us to design the correspondence codeword. Moreover, I show that the structure of ordered algebra and the code generated by it will be the same.
Ključne besede: coding theory, BCK-algebra, BL-algebra
Objavljeno v RUNG: 20.08.2021; Ogledov: 1838; Prenosov: 148
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47.
Space-time ripples
Taj Jankovič, 2017, strokovni članek

Opis: Recent first direct detection of gravitational waves opened a new window on the universe. Gravitational waves arise from small perturbations of space-time and from their characteristics it is possible to determine properties of astrophysical objects from which they originate. In this seminar Einstein equation is introduced to describe gravitational waves and ascertain their properties. Furthermore, possible astrophysical sources are presented, as well as the first directly and indirectly detected event.
Ključne besede: gravitation, gravitational waves, theory of relativity, astrophysics
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.07.2021; Ogledov: 1739; Prenosov: 0

48.
Links between HX-groups and hypergroups
Irina Elena Cristea, Michal Novak, Babatunde Oluwaseun Onasanya, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek

Ključne besede: HX-group, hyperstructure theory, Chinese hypergroupoid, EL-hyperstructure, power sets
Objavljeno v RUNG: 03.06.2021; Ogledov: 1860; Prenosov: 0
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49.
Developmental aspects of Maximize Presupposition: a view from Slovenian
Penka Stateva, predavanje na tuji univerzi

Opis: n this talk I will present the results of an experimental study of young children's acquisition and use of the pragmatic principle Maximize Presupposition in the context of the propositional attitude predicates (equivalent to) know and think. We use a felicity judgement task to test the ability of 5- and 7-year-old Slovenian-speaking children to derive the factive presupposition of know and the pragmatic inference trigerred by think in accord with Maximize Presupposition. The older group of children outperformed the younger group in both conditions manifesting a ceiling performance, while the younger group showed a more mixed pattern. Our results suggest that the anti-factivity inference is mastered on a par with the ability to derive the presupposition of factivity, as predicted by contemporary pragmatic theories. The discussion will also touch upon questions about the influence of bilingualism on developing pragmatic abilities, negative transfer in the domain of pragmatics and its dependence on cross-linguistic morpho-syntactic variation among translational equivalents.
Ključne besede: Maximize Presupposition, language acquisition, attitude verbs, Theory of Mind
Objavljeno v RUNG: 06.05.2021; Ogledov: 2172; Prenosov: 0
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50.
Converting apprehensive customers to willing customers : building trust in online shopping arena
Saibal K. Pal, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: This study focuses on knowing about the factors that can affect the trust levels of the consumers involved in online shopping. Trust has been identified as a prominent factor that ultimately leads to the transformation of the apprehensive customers into willing customers. The role of website design features and portal affiliation is tested regarding their impact in affecting the trusting beliefs of the customers. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was put to use to do the statistical testing on the data collected through students of tier III city of India. The results showed that the website design features have an important role to play in affecting the trusting beliefs of the people whereas portal affiliation didn’t have much of a role. The study implies that the website managers must focus on their design features if they want to gain the trust of their customers. The portal affiliation wouldn’t be fruitful in the case of a student at least. Better shoppers amongst students must be attracted towards portals through innovative designs and features.
Ključne besede: online shopping, building trust, website design features, portal affiliation, structural equation modelling, theory of reasoned action
Objavljeno v RUNG: 01.04.2021; Ogledov: 1755; Prenosov: 0
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