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Markov chain : a novel tool for electronic ripple analysis
Vijayan Vijesh, K. Satheesh Kumar, Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, Sankaranarayana Iyer Sankararaman, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek

Ključne besede: complex network, Markov chain, rectifier, time series, ripple
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.11.2022; Ogledov: 982; Prenosov: 0
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Time series analysis of duty cycle induced randomness in thermal lens system
Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: The present work employs time series analysis, a proven powerful mathematical tool, for investigating the complex molecular dynamics of the thermal lens (TL) system induced by the duty cycle (C) variation. For intensity modulation, TL spectroscopy commonly uses optical choppers. The TL formation involves complex molecular dynamics that vary with the input photothermal energy, which is implemented by varying the duty cycle of the chopper. The molecular dynamics is studied from the fractal dimension (D), phase portrait, sample entropy (S), and Hurst exponent (H) for different duty cycles. The increasing value of C is found to increase D and S, indicating that the system is becoming complex and less deterministic, as evidenced by the phase portrait analysis. The value of H less than 0.5 conforms the evolution of the TL system to more anti-persistent nature with C. The increasing value of C increases the enthalpy of the system that appears as an increase in full width at half maximum of the refractive index profile. Thus the study establishes that the sample entropy and thermodynamic entropy are directly related.
Ključne besede: Time series analysis Fractal analysis Photothermal lens spectroscopy Fractal dimension Hurst exponent Sample entropy
Objavljeno v RUNG: 05.07.2022; Ogledov: 1118; Prenosov: 0
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Phase Portrait for High Fidelity Feature Extraction and Classification: A Surrogate Approach
Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: This paper proposes a novel surrogate method of classification of breath sound signals for auscultation through the principal component analysis (PCA), extracting the features of a phase portrait. The nonlinear parameters of the phase portrait like the Lyapunov exponent, the sample entropy, the fractal dimension, and the Hurst exponent help in understanding the degree of complexity arising due to the turbulence of air molecules in the airways of the lungs. Thirty-nine breath sound signals of bronchial breath (BB) and pleural rub (PR) are studied through spectral, fractal, and phase portrait analyses. The fast Fourier transform and wavelet analyses show a lesser number of high-intense, low-frequency components in PR, unlike BB. The fractal dimension and sample entropy values for PR are, respectively, 1.772 and 1.041, while those for BB are 1.801 and 1.331, respectively. This study reveals that the BB signal is more complex and random, as evidenced by the fractal dimension and sample entropy values. The signals are classified by PCA based on the features extracted from the power spectral density (PSD) data and the features of the phase portrait. The PCA based on the features of the phase portrait considers the temporal correlation of the signal amplitudes and that based on the PSD data considers only the signal amplitudes, suggesting that the former method is better than the latter as it reflects the multidimensional aspects of the signal. This appears in the PCA-based classification as 89.6% for BB, a higher variance than the 80.5% for the PR signal, suggesting the higher fidelity of the phase portrait-based classification.
Ključne besede: Phase Portrait, time series, feature extraction, pleural rub
Objavljeno v RUNG: 05.07.2022; Ogledov: 1020; Prenosov: 0
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Fractal and time-series analyses based rhonchi and bronchial auscultation: A machine learning approach
Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Objectives: The present work reports the study of 34 rhonchi (RB) and Bronchial Breath (BB) signals employing machine learning techniques, timefrequency, fractal, and non-linear time-series analyses. Methods: The timefrequency analyses and the complexity in the dynamics of airflow in BB and RB are studied using both Power Spectral Density (PSD) features and non-linear measures. For accurate prediction of these signals, PSD and nonlinear measures are fed as input attributes to various machine learning models. Findings: The spectral analyses reveal fewer, low-intensity frequency components along with its overtones in the intermittent and rapidly damping RB signal. The complexity in the dynamics of airflow in BB and RB is investigated through the fractal dimension, Hurst exponent, phase portrait, maximal Lyapunov exponent, and sample entropy values. The greater value of entropy for the RB signal provides an insight into the internal morphology of the airways containing mucous and other obstructions. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) employs PSD features, and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) along with Pattern Recognition Neural Network (PRNN) uses non-linear measures for predicting BB and RB. Signal classification based on phase portrait features evaluates the multidimensional aspects of signal intensities, whereas that based on PSD features considers mere signal intensities. The principal components in PCA cover about 86.5% of the overall variance of the data class, successfully distinguishing BB and RB signals. LDA and PRNN that use nonlinear time-series parameters identify and predict RB and BB signals with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision. Novelty: The study divulges the potential of non-linear measures and PSD features in classifying these signals enabling its application to be extended for low-cost, non-invasive COVID-19 detection and real-time health monitoring.
Ključne besede: lung signal, fractal analysis, sample entropy, non­linear time­series, machine learning techniques
Objavljeno v RUNG: 30.06.2022; Ogledov: 1252; Prenosov: 0
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Time series and fractal analyses of wheezing : a novel approach
Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, Ammini Renjini, Vimal Raj, S. Sreejyothi, Sankaranarayana Iyer Sankararaman, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Since the outbreak of the pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019, the world is in search of novel non-invasive methods for safer and early detection of lung diseases. The pulmonary pathological symptoms refected through the lung sound opens a possibility of detection through auscultation and of employing spectral, fractal, nonlinear time series and principal component analyses. Thirty-fve signals of vesicular and expiratory wheezing breath sound, subjected to spectral analyses shows a clear distinction in terms of time duration, intensity, and the number of frequency components. An investigation of the dynamics of air molecules during respiration using phase portrait, Lyapunov exponent, sample entropy, fractal dimension, and Hurst exponent helps in understanding the degree of complexity arising due to the presence of mucus secretions and constrictions in the respiratory airways. The feature extraction of the power spectral density data and the application of principal component analysis helps in distinguishing vesicular and expiratory wheezing and thereby, giving a ray of hope in accomplishing an early detection of pulmonary diseases through sound signal analysis.
Ključne besede: auscultation, wheeze, fractals, nonlinear time series analysis, sample entropy
Objavljeno v RUNG: 30.06.2022; Ogledov: 1179; Prenosov: 0
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