1. Investigation of Aerosol Types and Vertical Distributions Using Polarization Raman Lidar over Vipava ValleyLonglong Wang, Marija Bervida Mačak, Samo Stanič, Klemen Bergant, Asta Gregorič, Luka Drinovec, Zhenping Yin, Yang Yi, Detlef Müller, Xuan Wang, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Aerosol direct radiative forcing is strongly dependent on aerosol distributions and aerosol types. A detailed understanding of such information is still missing at the Alpine region, which currently undergoes amplified climate warming. Our goal was to study the vertical variability of aerosol types within and above the Vipava valley (45.87◦ N, 13.90◦ E, 125 m a.s.l.) to reveal the vertical impact of each particular aerosol type on this region, a representative complex terrain in the Alpine region which often suffers from air pollution in the wintertime. This investigation was performed using the entire dataset of a dual-wavelength polarization Raman lidar system, which covers 33 nights from September to December 2017. The lidar provides measurements from midnight to early morning (typically from 00:00 to 06:00 CET) to provide aerosol-type dependent properties, which include particle linear depolarization ratio, lidar ratio at 355 nm and the aerosol backscatter Ångström exponent between 355 nm and 1064 nm. These aerosol properties were compared with similar studies, and the aerosol types were identified by the measured aerosol optical properties. Primary anthropogenic aerosols within the valley are mainly emitted from two sources: individual domestic heating systems, which mostly use biomass fuel, and traffic emissions. Natural aerosols, such as mineral dust and sea salt, are mostly transported over large distances. A mixture of two or more aerosol types was generally found. The aerosol characterization and statistical properties of vertical aerosol distributions were performed up to 3 km.
Ključne besede: valley air pollution, aerosol vertical distributions, lidar remote sensing, aerosol identification
Objavljeno v RUNG: 21.07.2022; Ogledov: 861; Prenosov: 23
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2. Bora flow characteristics in a complex valley environmentMarija Bervida, Samo Stanič, Griša Močnik, Longlong Wang, Klemen Bergant, Xiaoquan Song, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: This paper complements the existing studies of Bora flow properties in the Vipava valley with the study of Bora turbulence in a lower region of the troposphere. The turbulence characteristics of Bora flow were derived from high resolution Doppler wind lidar measurements during eight Bora wind episodes that occurred in November and December 2019. Based on the vertical profiles of wind velocity, from 80 to 180 m above the valley floor, the turbulence intensity related to all three spatial directions and the along-wind integral length scales related to three velocity components were evaluated and compared to the approximations given in international standards. The resulting turbulence characteristics of Bora flow in a deep mountain valley exhibited interesting behaviour, differing from the one expected and suggested by standards. The intensity of turbulence during Bora episodes was found to be quite strong, especially regarding the expected values for that particular category of terrain. The specific relationship between along-wind, lateral and vertical intensity was evaluated as well. The scales of turbulence in the along-wind direction were found to vary widely between different Bora episodes and were rather different from the approximations given by standards, with the most significant deviations observed for the along-wind length scale of the vertical velocity component. Finally, the periodicity of flow structures above the valley was assessed, yielding a wide range of possible periods between 1 and 10 min, thus confirming some of the previous observations from the studies of Bora in the Vipava valley.
Ključne besede: doppler wind lidar, Bora wind, turbulence intensity, complex terrain, turbulence integral length scale
Objavljeno v RUNG: 05.11.2021; Ogledov: 1480; Prenosov: 41
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3. What else needs to be said on Climate Change and Droughts: Future ChalangesKlemen Bergant, prispevek na konferenci brez natisa Opis: Extreme weather events, including droughts, and a failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation are the most urgent global risks taking into account their likelihood and impact. The economic loss related to extreme weather events is increasing. Observations show that droughts became more frequent and severe in the last decades across the entire Europe, and according to the climate projections the drought risk will continue to increase in 21st century, therefore we need to take action now. Efficient drought monitoring and early warning system is the basic climate change adaptation measure. Different drought monitoring and warning systems are available on local, regional and global level and for efficient management of drought risk we need to connect those tools and integrate them into multi-hazard early warning systems.
Ključne besede: climate change, extreme weather events, droughts, monitoring, early warnings
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.01.2021; Ogledov: 1997; Prenosov: 0
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4. New Data Policy in South-East Europe : (related to the SEE-MHEWS-A project)Klemen Bergant, prispevek na konferenci brez natisa Opis: Conference contribution presents the process of development of a new data policy for the South-East European Multi-Hazard Early Warning Advisory System project (SEE-MHEWS-A Project). The project, led by the World Meteorological Organization, is currently in a demonstration phase. National meteorological and hydrological services (NMHSs) from 17 countries in the South-East Europe are involved in the project. With common SEE-MHEWS Data Policy Agreement the involved NMHSs express their willingness and provide legal framework for the exchange of all available meteorological and hydrological data with a main purpose to improve their meteorological and hydrological forecasts and warnings. The project data policy could be seen as a first step towards the open data policy in the region.
Ključne besede: Multi-Hazard Early Warning System, Meteorological and Hydorlogical Warnings, Data Exchnage, Data Policy
Objavljeno v RUNG: 06.01.2021; Ogledov: 1876; Prenosov: 0
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6. Lidar Observations of Mountain Waves During Bora EpisodesLonglong Wang, Marija Bervida, Samo Stanič, Klemen Bergant, William Eichinger, Benedikt Strajnar, 2020, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: Airflows over mountain barriers in the Alpine region may give rise to strong, gusty downslope winds, called Bora. Oscillations, caused by the flow over an orographic barrier, lead to formation of mountain waves. These waves can only rarely be observed visually and can, in general, not be reliably reproduced by numerical models. Using aerosols as tracers for airmass motion, mountain waves were experimentally observed during Bora outbreak in the Vipava valley, Slovenia, on 24-25 January 2019 by two lidar systems: a vertical scanning lidar positioned just below the peak of the lee side of the mountain range and a fixed direction lidar at valley floor, which were set up to retrieve two-dimensional structure of the airflow over the orographic barrier into the valley. Based on the lidar data, we determined the thickness of airmass layer exhibiting downslope motion, observed hydraulic jump phenomena that gave rise to mountain waves and characterized their properties.
Ključne besede: Bora, mountain waves, lidar observations
Objavljeno v RUNG: 08.07.2020; Ogledov: 2259; Prenosov: 0
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7. Near-Ground Profile of Bora Wind Speed at Razdrto, SloveniaMarija Bervida, Samo Stanič, Klemen Bergant, Benedikt Strajnar, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Southwest Slovenia is a region well-known for frequent episodes of strong and gusty Bora wind, which may damage structures, affect traffic, and poses threats to human safety in general. With the increased availability of computational power, the interest in high resolution modeling of Bora on local scales is growing. To model it adequately, the flow characteristics of Bora should be experimentally investigated and parameterized. This study presents the analysis of wind speed vertical profiles at Razdrto, Slovenia, a location strongly exposed to Bora during six Bora episodes of different duration, appearing between April 2010 and May 2011. The empirical power law and the logarithmic law for Bora wind, commonly used for the description of neutrally stratified atmosphere, were evaluated for 10-min averaged wind speed data measured at four different heights. Power law and logarithmic law wind speed profiles, which are commonly used in high resolution computational models, were found to approximate well the measured data. The obtained power law coefficient and logarithmic law parameters, which are for modeling purposes commonly taken to be constant for a specific site, were found to vary significantly between different Bora episodes, most notably due to different wind direction over complex terrain. To increase modeling precision, the effects of local topography on wind profile parameters needs to be experimentally assessed and implemented.
Ključne besede: Bora wind, logarithmic law, power law, roughness length, wind profile
Objavljeno v RUNG: 04.10.2019; Ogledov: 2909; Prenosov: 105
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8. Properties of tropospheric aerosols observed over southwest SloveniaTingyao He, Yingying Chen, Samo Stanič, Klemen Bergant, Fei Gao, Dengxin Hua, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: From August to October 2010 lidar measurements of aerosols in the troposphere were performed at Otlica observatory, Slovenia, using a vertical scanning elastic lidar. The lidar data sample, which contains 38 nighttime vertical profiles of the mean aerosol extinction, was combined with continuous ozone concen- tration (O3), particulate matter concentrations (PM) and daily radiosonde data. The obtained radiosonde- and lidar-derived heights of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), which varied considerably from day to day, were found to be in good agreement. The mean values of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 355 nm, were calculated separately for the ABL and for the free troposphere (FT). A ten-fold increase of the FT AOD was observed during the days with predicted presence of Saharan dust above the lidar site. To correlate AOD values with the type and origin of aerosols, backward trajectories of air-masses above Otlica were modeled using the HYSPLIT model and clustered. High ABL AOD values were found to be correlated with local circulations and slowly approaching air masses from the Balkans and low values with northwestern flows. The highest values correlated with southwestern flows originating in northern Africa.
Ključne besede: Aerosol, Optical depth, Lidar, Atmospheric boundary layer
Objavljeno v RUNG: 22.02.2019; Ogledov: 3264; Prenosov: 0
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9. Bora wind, Wind speed vertical profile, Logarithmic law, Power lawMarija Bervida, Samo Stanič, Klemen Bergant, 2018, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: Bora is cold and gusty downslope wind with variable gust frequency and duration, appearing on the lee side of Dinaric Alps. Its flow characteristics are unique and theoretically still not fully described, especially for modeling purposes. We present an analysis of the wind speed vertical profiles at Razdrto, which lies in a gap between the Nanos and Javorniki plateau in southwest Slovenia and is strongly exposed to Bora. An analysis of the vertical wind speed profiles during Bora episodes is based on experimental wind data, provided by Helikopter energija, for six Bora events of different duration, appearing between April 2010 and May 2011. Average wind speed in 10-minute intervals was collected at four different heights (20, 31, 40 and 41.7 m above the ground)at the wind turbine site in Razdrto using cup anemometers. Wind direction data with same temporal resolution was obtained from a single wind vane placed at 40.9 m above the ground. Based on the collected data, the applicability of the empirical power-law and the logarithmic law profiles, commonly used for the description of neutrally stratified atmosphere, was investigated for the case of Bora. The parameters for the power-law and logarithmic law were obtained by fitting the wind speed data using linear regression method and are compared to standard values for that particular type of terrain. The quality of fits was very good with r2 above 0.9, indicating that both power-law and logarithmic law adequately describe mean horizontal Bora wind. The median value of the power-law coefficient was found to be 0.16±0.03, which is consistent with standard value for neutral atmosphere (0.143). The aerodynamic roughness varied from 0.003 m to 0.22 m with the median value of 0.09±0.07, which describes open level country terrain with some trees. The event in November 2010 with large roughness is expected to be due to specific wind direction and surface conditions.
Ključne besede: Bora wind, Wind speed vertical profile, Logarithmic law, Power law
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.02.2019; Ogledov: 3500; Prenosov: 26
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10. Retrieval of Vertical Mass Concentration Distributions—Vipava Valley Case StudyLonglong Wang, Samo Stanič, Klemen Bergant, William Eichinger, Griša Močnik, Luka Drinovec, Janja Vaupotič, Miloš Miler, Mateja Gosar, Asta Gregorič, 2019, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Aerosol vertical profiles are valuable inputs for the evaluation of aerosol transport models, in order to improve the understanding of aerosol pollution ventilation processes which drive the dispersion of pollutants in mountainous regions. With the aim of providing high-accuracy vertical distributions of particle mass concentration for the study of aerosol dispersion in small-scale valleys, vertical profiles of aerosol mass concentration for aerosols from different sources (including Saharan dust and local biomass burning events) were investigated over the Vipava valley, Slovenia, a representative hot-spot for complex mixtures of different aerosol types of both anthropogenic and natural origin. The analysis was based on datasets taken between 1–30 April 2016. In-situ measurements of aerosol size, absorption, and mass concentration were combined with lidar remote sensing, where vertical profiles of aerosol concentration were retrieved. Aerosol samples were characterized by SEM-EDX, to obtain aerosol morphology and chemical composition. Two cases with expected dominant presence of different specific aerosol types (mineral dust and biomass-burning aerosols) show significantly different aerosol properties and distributions within the valley. In the mineral dust case, we observed a decrease of the elevated aerosol layer height and subsequent spreading of mineral dust within the valley, while in the biomass-burning case we observed the lifting of aerosols above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). All uncertainties of size and assumed optical properties, combined, amount to the total uncertainty of aerosol mass concentrations below 30% within the valley. We have also identified the most indicative in-situ parameters for identification of aerosol type.
Ključne besede: valley air pollution, aerosol vertical distributions, lidar remote sensing, in-situ measurements, aerosol identification
Objavljeno v RUNG: 09.01.2019; Ogledov: 3658; Prenosov: 109
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