1. Annotated database of Slovenian adjectivesPetra Mišmaš, Marko Simonović, Stefan Milosavljević, 2025, zaključena znanstvena zbirka raziskovalnih podatkov Opis: This database presents the morphological annotation of Slovenian adjectives. It includes the 6,000 most frequent adjectives in Slovenian, extracted from the Gigafida 2.0 corpus (deduplicated) using the CQL [tag="P.*"] on a random sample of 10,000,000 lines in the NoSketch engine in March 2024.
Ključne besede: Slovenian, adjectives, morphology, derivation, affixes
Objavljeno v RUNG: 09.04.2025; Ogledov: 220; Prenosov: 2
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2. The Pierre Auger Observatory open dataA. Abdul Halim, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The Pierre Auger Collaboration has embraced the concept of open access to their research data since its foundation, with the aim of giving access to the widest possible community. A gradual process of release began as early as 2007 when 1% of the cosmic-ray data was made public, along with 100% of the space-weather information. In February 2021, a portal was released containing 10% of cosmic-ray data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory from 2004 to 2018, during the first phase of operation of the Observatory. The Open Data Portal includes detailed documentation about the detection and reconstruction procedures, analysis codes that can be easily used and modified and, additionally, visualization tools. Since then, the Portal has been updated and extended. In 2023, a catalog of the highest-energy cosmic-ray events examined in depth has been included. A specific section dedicated to educational use has been developed with the expectation that these data will be explored by a wide and diverse community, including professional and citizen scientists, and used for educational and outreach initiatives. This paper describes the context, the spirit, and the technical implementation of the release of data by the largest cosmic-ray detector ever built and anticipates its future developments.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), extensive air showers, Pierre Auger Observatory, open data, UHECR event data, space weather data, Auger Open Data Portal
Objavljeno v RUNG: 03.04.2025; Ogledov: 362; Prenosov: 8
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3. Search for the anomalous events detected by ANITA using the Pierre Auger ObservatoryA. Abdul Halim, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: A dedicated search for upward-going air showers at zenith angles exceeding 110° and energies E>0.1 EeV has been performed using the Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The search is motivated by two “anomalous” radio pulses observed by the ANITA flights I and III that appear inconsistent with the standard model of particle physics. Using simulations of both regular cosmic-ray showers and upward-going events, a selection procedure has been defined to separate potential upward-going candidate events and the corresponding exposure has been calculated in the energy range [0.1–33] EeV. One event has been found in the search period between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2018, consistent with an expected background of 0.27 ± 0.12 events from misreconstructed cosmic-ray showers. This translates to an upper bound on the integral flux of (7.2±0.2)×10[sup]−21 cm[sup]−2 sr[sup]−1 y[sup]−1 and (3.6±0.2)×10−20 cm[sup]−2 sr[sup]−1 y[sup]−1 for an E[sup]−1 and E[sup]−2 spectrum, respectively. An upward-going flux of showers normalized to the ANITA observations is shown to predict over 34 events for an E[sup]−3 spectrum and over 8.1 events for a conservative E[sup]−5 spectrum, in strong disagreement with the interpretation of the anomalous events as upward-going showers.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, extensive air showers, upward-going air showers, Pierre Auger Observatory, Fluorescence Detector, anomalous ANITA events
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 346; Prenosov: 5
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4. Subluminal pulses in the surface-scintillator detectors of AugerPrimeTobias Schulze, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: In extensive air showers, the signals from the electromagnetic and muonic components typically span a few microseconds in scintillation detectors.
Neutrons are the only stable neutral hadrons over the timescale of air showers.
They lose energy exclusively through hadronic interactions and quasi-elastic scattering, which results in their high abundance at ground level.
These neutrons can produce delayed pulses in scintillation detectors, appearing up to several milliseconds after the primary shower signal.
This allows us to probe hadronic interactions in the development of air showers.
In this study, we characterize such subluminal pulses using the first measurements from the scintillator surface detectors of the AugerPrime upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, AugerPrime upgrade
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 335; Prenosov: 7
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5. Highlights from the Auger Engineering Radio ArrayBjarni Pont, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) at the Pierre Auger Observatory is an array of 153 radio-antenna stations that measure the 30−80 MHz radio emission produced in extensive air showers in the energy range between 0.1 and 10 EeV. It has been taking data for over a decade. In this contribution, we present the recent results of AERA. We show the measurements of the depths of the shower maxima (Xmax) using the radio footprint and using interferometry, demonstrating compatibility and competitiveness with the established fluorescence detection method. We also show the measurement of the stability of the radio signal over close to a decade determined using the Galactic radio background as a calibration source, demonstrating that a radio detector can be used to lower systematic uncertainties on the energy scale of, for example, fluorescence and water-Cherenkov detectors.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, radio emission
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 321; Prenosov: 5
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6. Mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays at the Pierre Auger ObservatoryThomas Fitoussi, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: For the past 20 years, the Pierre Auger Observatory has collected the largest dataset of
ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) ever achieved using a hybrid detector. The study
of this dataset has led to numerous unexpected discoveries that enhance our understanding
of the origins of UHECRs. One of the key points in this study is their mass composition.
In this work, we will present the most recent results regarding the mass composition of UHECRs at the Pierre Auger Observatory. In particular, we will focus on the measurement of the depth
of the maximum of air-shower profiles, denoted as Xmax . This determination has been achieved through both direct measurements from the Fluorescence Detector data and the application of machine learning for estimating Xmax on an event-by-event basis using the Surface Detector data. The latter has allowed us to extend the measurement to energies up
to 100 EeV and indicates a correlation between changes in composition and three features
of the energy spectrum (ankle, instep, steepening). Moreover, the results provide evidence
of a heavy and nearly pure primary beam for energies greater than 50 EeV that is independent
of the hadronic interaction model. The implications of these findings for astrophysics and
for modelling hadronic interactions will be discussed.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, UHECR mass composition
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 330; Prenosov: 8
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7. Testing the declination dependency of the spectrum measured by the Pierre Auger ObservatoryDiego Ravignani, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The distribution of the arrival directions of cosmic rays observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory has a dipolar component that implies a flux dependence on declination. Previously, we showed that the spectrum built from events arriving with a zenith angle less than 60° is qualitatively consistent with the dipole. In this work, we go one step further and show that the Auger spectrum cannot reject the hypothesis of a declination-independent flux. By using events of up 80°, we extend the previous survey from +25° of declination to +45°, thus covering 85% of the sky.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, UHECR arrival directions, large-scale dipolar anisotropy
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 320; Prenosov: 6
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8. Measuring the proton-proton interaction cross section with hybrid data of the Pierre Auger ObservatoryOlena Tkachenko, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The depth of the maximum of an air shower development, Xmax, as observed with fluorescence telescopes, is among the most sensitive observables for studying the interaction characteristics and primary composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. However, precise measurement of the interaction cross section remains challenging, as standard analyses often rely on assumptions about the composition, which are closely tied to the validity of specific hadronic interaction models. In this work, we discuss a method for the simultaneous estimation of the proton-proton interaction cross section and primary mass composition, addressing the limitations of separate measurements. The inclusion of the Xmax scale into the fit further accounts for systematic uncertainties in the data and theoretical uncertainties in particle production. The performance of the method is evaluated using simulations that include detector responses under realistic conditions and with a particular focus on assessing the systematic uncertainties of the fit.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, air shower maximum depth
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 311; Prenosov: 8
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9. Overview of hadronic interaction studies at the Pierre Auger ObservatoryJakub Vícha, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The combination of fluorescence and surface detectors at the Pierre Auger Observatory offers unprecedented precision in testing models of hadronic interactions at center-of-mass energies around 70 TeV and beyond. However, for some time, discrepancies between model predictions and measured air-shower data have complicated efforts to accurately determine the mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. A key inconsistency is the deficit of simulated signals compared to those measured with the surface detectors, typically interpreted as a deficit in the muon signal generated by the hadronic component of simulated showers.
Recently, a new global method has been applied to the combined data from the surface and fluorescence detectors at the Pierre Auger Observatory. This method simultaneously determines the mass composition of cosmic rays and evaluates variations in the simulated depth of the shower maximum and hadronic signals on the ground. The findings reveal not only the alleviated muon problem but also show that all current models of hadronic interactions predict depths of the shower maximum that are too shallow, offering new insights into deficiencies in these models from a broader perspective.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, hadronic interactions
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.03.2025; Ogledov: 306; Prenosov: 7
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10. A new view of UHECRs with the Pierre Auger ObservatoryDenise Boncioli, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: In its Phase I, the Pierre Auger Observatory has led to several observations, driving the field of ultra- high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) research over the last 20 years. Major achievements obtained so far include the unprecedented precise energy spectrum and its features, the observables linked to the UHECR mass composition and the distribution of arrival directions of the most energetic events. These results, together with the non-observation of high-energy neutrinos and photons, strongly disfavor the pre-Auger pure-proton paradigm.
In this talk, we will provide an overview on the main results of the Observatory, and describe possible astrophysical scenarios for their interpretation. The prospects of improving the current understanding about UHECR characteristics during the Phase II of the Observatory will be also shown.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, UHE neutrinos, UHE photons, Auger Phase I, AugerPrime upgrade, Auger Phase II, UHECR mass composition, UHECR energy spectrum, UHECR anisotropy studies, UHECR astrophysical scenarios, UHECR data interpretation
Objavljeno v RUNG: 24.03.2025; Ogledov: 344; Prenosov: 4
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