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Opis: Botrytis cinerea Pers., the fungal plant pathogen and the causal agent of gray mould diseases in grapevine, is vastly responsible for substantial economic losses in table and wine grapes production worldwide by negatively affecting plant growth and causing the reduction of grape and wine quality. The conventional approach for pathogen control has been up to date based on synthetic fungicides with good effectiveness against pathogens but a negative impact on the environment. The growing level of harmful residues in the environment and some also detected in wines have led the European Union and many winemakers to limit the application of synthetic fungicides to earlier season. However, with a high risk of disease also late in the season, the need for other solutions is clear. Consequently, more and more research is focused on finding potential alternatives in the form of effective biological control agents. Although there are several reports of yeast’s biocontrol activity, they are up to date still poorly commercialized for such purposes. As the yeasts represent an important part of the grape microflora, competing with other microorganisms (including pathogens) for nutrients and space, we decided to examine the potential of autochthonous yeasts as "green" alternatives in fighting against phytopathogens such as B. cinerea in viticulture. With this aim, we tested the biocontrol activity of 119 different indigenous yeasts belonging to 30 different species of 17 genera against filamentous fungus B. cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould or botrytis bunch rot in grape. The yeasts were screened for putative multidimensional modes of action such as antifungal volatiles (VOC), in vitro inhibition of fungal mycelial growth, competition for nutrients, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and yeast tolerance to fungicides like copper, iprodione and cyprodinil/fludioxonil combination. With a qualitative detection of the hydrolysis activity by using screening methods based on solid medium with chitin or βD-glucosides as substrates, we found that many tested yeasts were capable of producing lytic enzymes with the ability to degrade the cell wall of phytopathogenic fungi and are potentially also able to produce VOCs via hydrolysis of grape glycosides as a result of β-glucosidase presence. Furthermore, we observed the capability of tested yeast to inhibit fungal mycelia growth on plate and assimilation of a wide variety of carbon sources; however, no siderophore producers were detected. In general, the yeasts under observation were tolerant to the tested fungicides. Their fungicide resistance can indeed be regarded as a beneficial trait for potential biofungicide agent (PBA) candidates due to open possibilities of applications and combinations within low input pest management strategies in the vineyard. Finally, a field experiment in Pinot noir and Pinot gris vineyards was designed to study different combinations of optimized canopy microclimate manipulation (CMM) techniques and potential biocontrol agent (PBA) application. In experimental conditions, the ability of PBA’s to maintain appropriate population density for disease prevention was observed. In addition, the grape and wine quality parameters were analysed to observe the possible impact of implemented biocontrol yeast on final products. The biocontrol yeast Pichia guilliermondii ZIM 624 was selected and applied in experimental vineyards based on yeast testing results. We were able to detect and confirm PBA yeast’s suitable density on grapes until harvest. In the case of early defoliation for both varieties lower grape compactness was observed together with lower yield/ plant, regardless of PBA yeast/ no yeast application. Among grape basic quality parameters, the optimized techniques showed a positive effect on sugar content. Still, unexpectedly, in the treatments with biocontrol yeasts some trends toward higher acidity were noticed in Pinot gris.
Ključne besede: sustainable viticulture, Botrytis cinerea, gray mould, yeasts, biocontrol, canopy microclimate manipulation, grapevine metabolite, dissertations
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.07.2022; Ogledov: 1158; Prenosov: 114
Celotno besedilo (4,17 MB)
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Ključne besede: študijski programi, Univerza v Novi Gorici, Fakulteta za vinogradništvo in vinarstvo
Objavljeno v RUNG: 23.02.2021; Ogledov: 1599; Prenosov: 0
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Opis: The growing demand of consumers for environment-friendly and safe food products already forced many winemakers to restrict the application of synthetic fungicides to earlier season, trying to reduce the risk of residues being detected in wines. Main risk for infection by B. cinerea, however, occurs later in the season. To support an improvement in whole-season B. cinerea green care, the potential of yeasts as biocontrol agent (PBA) was studied. Selected yeasts were tested for their antifungal activities. Furthermore, a field experiment in Pinot noir and Pinot gris vineyards was designed to study different combinations of optimized canopy microclimate manipulation (CMM) techniques and PBA application. In experimental conditions, PBA's ability to maintain appropriate population density for disease prevention was observed. Grape and wine quality parameters were evaluated. Analytical approach of metabolomics was applied to upgrade the understanding of potentially induced changes in plant metabolism. Based on yeasts testing results, biocontrol yeast P. guilliermondii ZIM 624 was selected and after its field application, we were able to detect its suitable density on grapes until harvest. In case of early defoliation for both varieties smaller grape compactness was confirmed together with lower yield. Among grape basic quality parameters, optimized techniques showed positive effect on sugar content, but unexpectedly, in the treatments with biocontrol yeasts the trends toward higher acidity were noticed in Pinot gris. CMM and PBA introduction indicated some effects on grapevine biosynthetic behaviour but the differences in content of these metabolites compared to control were poorly detected in final wines with exception of mainly some flavonols, stilbenes and flavan-3-ols (and consequently total phenolic content).
Ključne besede: sustainable viticulture, Botrytis cinerea, yeasts, biocontrol, canopy microclimate manipulation, metabolomics, grapevine metabolites
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.02.2020; Ogledov: 3162; Prenosov: 0
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Opis: V magistrskem delu smo obravnavali kakovostno in ekonomsko upravičenost vpeljave tehnološkega postopka hladne predfermentativne maceracije, s katerim smo želeli izboljšati predvsem barvne in aromatične lastnosti vina 'Refošk'. Najprej smo razložili pomen investicij in metode, s katerimi investicije ocenjujemo. V praktičnem poskusu smo pridelali vino po postopku hladne predfermentativne maceracije (HPM), za primerjavo pa smo vino pridelali še po postopku klasične fermentativne maceracije (FM) in fermentativne maceracije pri višji temperaturi (FMVT). V pridelanih vinih smo določali skupne polifenole, skupne in posamezne antocianine, barvo vina ter izvedli senzorično analizo. V ekonomskem delu smo ugotovili, kako bi investicijo financirali, in definirali lastno ceno. S pragom rentabilnosti smo predvideli smotrno prodajno ceno ter z metodami denarnih tokov in sedanje vrednosti ugotovili, da bi se nam investicija povrnila v devetem letu poslovanja. Rezultati kažejo, da je hladna predfermentativna maceracija vplivala na značilno večjo vsebnost skupnih polifenolov, medtem ko smo opazili značilno večjo vsebnost skupnih antocianinov pri FM in FMVT. Uporabljeni tehnološki postopki niso pokazali značilnega vpliva na povečanje vsebnosti posameznih antocianinov, malvidin-3-glukozida ter intenzitete in tona barve vina. Vino, pridelano po postopku HPM, je v primerjavi s FM in FMVT vini na senzorični analizi in testu všečnosti doseglo najmanj točk. ANALIZA KAKOVOSTNE IN EKONOMSKE UPRAVIČENOSTI VPELJAVE TEHNOLOŠKEGA POSTOPKA PREDFERMENTATIVNE MACERACIJE V PREDELAVI GROZDJA SORTE 'REFOŠK' MAGISTRSKO DELO Marko Benčina Mentorja: doc. dr. Melita Sternad Lemut, dr. Jan Reščič Nova Gorica, 2019    ZAHVALA Iskreno se zahvaljujem vsem, ki ste mi kakorkoli pomagali pri opravljanju teoretskega, eksperimentalnega in analitskega dela magistrske naloge, še posebej dr. Janu Reščiču in Jeleni Topić Božič, mag. ind. farm., za njuno potrpežljivost in pomoč pri laboratorijskem in analitskem delu. Posebna zahvala tudi mentorici doc. dr. Meliti Sternad Lemut, univ. dipl. inž. živ. tehnol. In somentorju Silvestru Vončini, univ dipl. ekon. za pomoč pri pisanju ekonomskega dela naloge. Brez Vas ne bi uspelo!    NASLOV Analiza kakovostne in ekonomske upravičenosti vpeljave tehnološkega postopka predfermentativne maceracije v predelavi grozdja sorte 'Refošk' IZVLEČEK V magistrskem delu smo obravnavali kakovostno in ekonomsko upravičenost vpeljave tehnološkega postopka hladne predfermentativne maceracije, s katerim smo želeli izboljšati predvsem barvne in aromatične lastnosti vina 'Refošk'. Najprej smo razložili pomen investicij in metode, s katerimi investicije ocenjujemo. V praktičnem poskusu smo pridelali vino po postopku hladne predfermentativne maceracije (HPM), za primerjavo pa smo vino pridelali še po postopku klasične fermentativne maceracije (FM) in fermentativne maceracije pri višji temperaturi (FMVT). V pridelanih vinih smo določali skupne polifenole, skupne in posamezne antocianine, barvo vina ter izvedli senzorično analizo. V ekonomskem delu smo ugotovili, kako bi investicijo financirali, in definirali lastno ceno. S pragom rentabilnosti smo predvideli smotrno prodajno ceno ter z metodami denarnih tokov in sedanje vrednosti ugotovili, da bi se nam investicija povrnila v devetem letu poslovanja. Rezultati kažejo, da je hladna predfermentativna maceracija vplivala na značilno večjo vsebnost skupnih polifenolov, medtem ko smo opazili značilno večjo vsebnost skupnih antocianinov pri FM in FMVT. Uporabljeni tehnološki postopki niso pokazali značilnega vpliva na povečanje vsebnosti posameznih antocianinov, malvidin-3-glukozida ter intenzitete in tona barve vina. Vino, pridelano po postopku HPM, je v primerjavi s FM in FMVT vini na senzorični analizi in testu všečnosti doseglo najmanj točk. Na podlagi dosežene kakovosti in ekonomskih ocen smo sklenili, da bi bila investicija v postopek HPM v proučevanem letu ekonomsko manj upravičena.
Ključne besede: Investicija, vrednotenje investicij, lastna cena, hladna predfermentativna maceracija, antocianini, barva vina, Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Refošk'
Objavljeno v RUNG: 23.05.2019; Ogledov: 4143; Prenosov: 171
Celotno besedilo (2,04 MB)

Ključne besede: biodiverziteta, kvasovke, jabolčno vino, fermentacija
Objavljeno v RUNG: 01.02.2018; Ogledov: 3996; Prenosov: 0
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