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1.
Structural and chemical analysis of Na-ion batteries with X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy
Ava Rajh, Matej Gabrijelčič, Alen Vižintin, Klemen Bučar, Iztok Arčon, Marko Petric, Robert Dominko, 2024, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci

Ključne besede: X-Ray Raman, Na-ion batteries
Objavljeno v RUNG: 05.07.2024; Ogledov: 690; Prenosov: 3
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2.
Monitoring chemical processes in (photo)catalysts and energy storage materials by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Iztok Arčon, 2022, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci (vabljeno predavanje)

Opis: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful tool for characterisation of local structure and chemical state of selected elements in different new functional materials and biological or environmental samples. The XAS spectroscopy is based on extremely bright synchrotron radiation X-rays sources, which allow precise characterisation of bulk, nanostructured or highly diluted samples. The rapid development of extremely bright synchrotron sources of X-ray and ultraviolet light in recent years has opened new possibilities for research of matter at the atomic or molecular level, indispensable in the development of new functional nanostructured materials with desired properties. The talk will present the possibilities offered by X-ray absorption spectroscopy with synchrotron light for ex-situ or operando characterization of various functional porous and other nanomaterials, before, after and during their operation [1,2,3,4]. New generation of synchrotron light sources also opened the possibility of combining X-ray absorption with high-resolution emission [5] and inelastic scattering spectroscopy [6], and microscopy with sub-micron resolution [7]. Examples of operando XANES and EXAFS analysis to track changes in the valence states and local structures of selected elements in different energy storage materials and in various (photo)catalysts, during chemical reactions under controlled reaction conditions, will be presented, which provided insight into the dynamic functional properties and reaction mechanisms of these materials. Access to SR facilities of Petra III (beamlines P65, P64 and P01), ESRF (beamlines BM23, ID21, ID26) and Elettra (beamlines XAFS, XRF), for the presented research is kindly acknowledged.
Ključne besede: X-ray absorption spectroscopy, operando XANES, EXAFS, catalysts, batteries
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.10.2022; Ogledov: 1692; Prenosov: 0
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3.
Characterization of electrochemical processes in metal-organic batteries by X-ray Raman spectroscopy
Ava Rajh, Iztok Arčon, Klemen Bučar, Matjaž Žitnik, Marko Petric, Alen Vižintin, Jan Bitenc, Urban Košir, Robert Dominko, Hlynur Gretarsson, Martin Sundermann, Matjaž Kavčič, 2022, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) is an emerging spectroscopic technique that utilizes inelastic scattering of hard Xrays to study X-ray absorption edges of low Z elements in bulk material. It was used to identify and quantify the amount of carbonyl bonds in a cathode sample, in order to track the redox reaction inside metal−organic batteries during the charge/ discharge cycle. XRS was used to record the oxygen K-edge absorption spectra of organic polymer cathodes from different multivalent metal−organic batteries. The amount of carbonyl bond in each sample was determined by modeling the oxygen K-edge XRS spectra with the linear combination of two reference compounds that mimicked the fully charged and the fully discharged phases of the battery. To interpret experimental XRS spectra, theoretical calculations of oxygen K-edge absorption spectra based on density functional theory were performed. Overall, a good agreement between the amount of carbonyl bond present during different stages of battery cycle, calculated from linear combination of standards, and the amount obtained from electrochemical characterization based on measured capacity was achieved. The electrochemical mechanism in all studied batteries was confirmed to be a reduction of double carbonyl bond and the intermediate anion was identified with the help of theoretical calculations. X-ray Raman spectroscopy of the oxygen K-edge was shown to be a viable characterization technique for accurate tracking of the redox reaction inside metal−organic batteries.
Ključne besede: X-ray Raman spectroscopy, meta-organic batteries, oxygen K-edge XANES, electrochemical processes
Objavljeno v RUNG: 24.03.2022; Ogledov: 2282; Prenosov: 21
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4.
Spectroscopic insights into the electrochemical mechanism of rechargeable calcium/sulfur batteries
Antonio Scafuri, Romain Berthelot, Klemen Pirnat, Alen Vižintin, Jan Bitenc, Giuliana Aquilanti, Dominique Foix, Rémi Dedryvère, Iztok Arčon, Robert Dominko, Lorenzo Stievano, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Calcium batteries represent a promising alternative to lithium metal systems. The combination of the low redox potential and low cost and the energy-dense calcium anode (2073 mAh/cm3, similar to 2044 mAh/cm3 for Li) with appropriate low-cost cathode materials such as sulfur could produce a game-changing technology in several fields of applications. In this work, we present the reversible activity of a proof-of-concept Ca/S battery at room temperature, characterized by a surprising medium-term cycling stability with low polarization, promoted by the use of a simple positive electrode made of sulfur supported on an activated carbon cloth scaffold, and a state-of-the-art fluorinated alkoxyborate-based electrolyte. Insights into the electrochemical mechanism governing the chemistry of the Ca/S system were obtained for the first time by combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The mechanism implies the formation of different types of soluble polysulfide species during both charge and discharge at room temperature, and the formation of solid CaS at the end of discharge. The reversible electrochemical activity is proven by the reformation of elemental sulfur at the end of the following charge. These promising results open the way to the comprehension of emerging Ca/S systems, which may represent a valid alternative to Mg/S and Li/S batteries.
Ključne besede: Calcium/Sulfur Batteries EXAFS, XANES
Objavljeno v RUNG: 17.10.2020; Ogledov: 3506; Prenosov: 0
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5.
A mechanistic study of metal sulfur batteries
Robert Dominko, Alen Vižintin, Sara Drvarič Talian, Ana Robba, Iztok Arčon, 2018, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci (vabljeno predavanje)

Ključne besede: Li-sulphur batteries, Sulphur XANES, magnesium
Objavljeno v RUNG: 15.10.2020; Ogledov: 2991; Prenosov: 0

6.
Ceramic synthesis of disordered lithium rich oxyfluoride materials
Jean-Marcel Ateba Mba, Iztok Arčon, Gregor Mali, Elena Tchernychova, Ralf Witte, Robert Kruk, Miran Gaberšček, Robert Dominko, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Disordered lithium-rich transition metal oxyfluorides with a general formula Li1þxMO2Fx (M being a transition metal) are gaining more attention due to their high specific capacity which can be delivered from the facecentered cubic (fcc) structure. The most common synthesis procedure involves use of mechanosynthesis. In this work, ceramic synthesis of lithium rich iron oxyfluoride and lithium rich titanium oxyfluoride are reported. Two ceramic synthesis routes are developed each leading to the different level of doping with Li and F and different levels of cationic disorder in the structure. Three different Li1þxMO2Fx samples (x ¼ 0.25, 0.3 and 1) are compared with a sample prepared by mechanochemical synthesis and non-doped LiFeO2 with fcc structure. The obtained lithium rich iron oxyfluoride are characterized by use of M€ossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, NMR and TEM. Successful incorporation of Li and F have been confirmed and specific capacity that can be obtained from the samples is in the correlation with the level of disorder introduced with doping, nevertheless oxidation state of iron in all samples is very similar. Conclusions obtained from lithium rich iron oxyfluoride are validated by lithium rich titanium oxyfluoride.
Ključne besede: Lithium batteries Face centered-cubic Oxyfluoride Li-rich Disorder
Objavljeno v RUNG: 05.06.2020; Ogledov: 5048; Prenosov: 0
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7.
Role of Cu current collector on electrochemical mechanism of Mg–S battery
Ana Robba, Maja Mežnar, Alen Vižintin, Jan Bitenc, Jernej Bobnar, Iztok Arčon, Anna Randon-Vitanova, Robert Dominko, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Development of magnesium sulfur battery is accompanied with all known difficulties present in Li–S batteries, however with even more limited choice of electrolytes. In the present work, the influence of current collector on electrochemical mechanism was investigated in light of different reports where improved behavior was ascribed to electrolyte. Notable differences in cycling behavior are reported when Al current collector is replaced by Cu current collector independent of electrolyte. The initial reduction of sulfur follows similar reaction path no mater of current collector, but formation of MgS can be in competition with formation of CuS in the presence of Cu cations. With the subsequent cycling cells prepared from cathodes deposited on Cu current collector show decrease in the voltage and formation of single plateau during cycling. The change corresponds to the involvement of Cu into the reaction and formation of redox couple Mg/CuS as determined by Cu K-edge XANES measurements. Corrosion of Cu foil is identified by SEM and serves as a source of Cu cations for the chemical reaction between Cu and polysulfides. Mg/CuS redox couple shows improved cycling stability, but theoretical energy density is severely reduced due to substitution of S with CuS as cathode active material.
Ključne besede: Magnesium Sulfur Rechargeable batteries Current collector Copper Corrosion
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.01.2020; Ogledov: 3570; Prenosov: 0
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8.
Sulfur based batteries studied by in-operando S K-edge RIXS and XAS spectroscopy
Matjaž Kavčič, Ana Robba, Janez Bitenc, Alen Vižintin, Iztok Arčon, Matjaž Žitnik, Klemen Bučar, Robert Dominko, 2018, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci

Opis: Sulfur based batteries are considered as very attractive energy storage devices. Sulfur is one of the most abundant elements in the earth, it is electrochemically active material which can accept up to two electrons per atom. In combination with alkali metals, sulfur forms electrochemical couples with much higher theoretical energy density compared to Li-ion batteries commonly available today. At the moment, the electrochemical couple with Li is most extensively studied. While the main principle of operation is known the relevant operation mechanism(s) is not completely clear. Even more promising is the electrochemical couple with Mg providing almost twofold higher volumetric energy density due to its ability to provide two electrons during oxidation. However, Mg-S batteries are still in the very early stage of research and development and the complex mechanism of sulfur conversion has been less extensively studied. In order to improve the understanding of sulfur electrochemical conversion and its interactions within electrode, we need to apply new experimental approaches capable to provide precise information about local environment of S in the cathode during battery operation. In our work, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and XAS measurements at the sulfur K-edge performed in operando mode were used to study the lithium-polysulfide formation during the discharge process. Measurements were performed at ID26 beamline of the ESRF synchrotron using tender X-ray emission spectrometer [1]. Resonant excitation condition enhanced the sensitivity for the lithium−polysulfide detection. On the other hand, the sulfate signal from the electrolyte was heavily suppressed and the self-absorption effects minimized due to fixed excitation energy. This experimental methodology was used to provide quantitative analysis of sulfur compounds in the cathode of a Li−S battery cell during the discharge process [2]. The high-voltage plateau in the discharge curve was characterized by a rapid conversion of solid sulfur into liquid phase Li polysulfides reaching its maximum at the end of this plateau. At this point the starting point for the precipitation of the Li2S from the liquid polysulfide phase was observed. The same approach has been used also for the Mg-S battery revealing similar mechanism as in case of Li-S battery [3]. The electrochemical conversion of sulfur with magnesium proceeds through two well-defined plateaus, which correspond to the equilibrium between sulfur and Mg polysulfides (high-voltage plateau) and polysulfides and MgS (low-voltage plateau).
Ključne besede: Mg-Sulphur batteries, XANES, RIXS
Objavljeno v RUNG: 13.09.2018; Ogledov: 5557; Prenosov: 0
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9.
Polysulfides formation in different electrolytes from the perspective of X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Robert Dominko, Alen Vižintin, Giuliana Aquilanti, Lorenzo Stievano, Maria Joseph Helen, Anji Reddy Munnangi, Maximilian Fichtner, Iztok Arčon, 2018, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Li-S batteries are promising energy storage technology for the future, however there two major problems remained which need to be solved before successful commercialization. Capacity fading due to polysulfide shuttle and corrosion of lithium metal are directly connected with the type and quantity of electrolyte used in the cells. Several recent works show dependence of the electrochemical behavior of Li-S batteries on type of the electrolyte. In this work we compare and discuss a discharge mechanism of sulfur conversion in three different electrolytes based on measurements with sulfur K-edge XAS. The sulfur conversion mechanism in the ether based electrolytes, the most studied type of solvents in the Li-S batteries, which are enabling high solubility of polysulfides are compared with the fluorinated ether based electrolytes with a reduced polysulfide solubility and in carbonate based electrolytes with the sulfur confined into a ultramicroporous carbon. In all three cases the sulfur reduction proceeds through polysulfide intermediate phases with a difference on the type polysulfides detected at different steps of discharge.
Ključne besede: Li-S batteries, operando sulphur K-edge XANES, EXAFS, Li-polysulphides
Objavljeno v RUNG: 01.06.2018; Ogledov: 4164; Prenosov: 0
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10.
A Mechanistic Study of Magnesium Sulfur Batteries
Ana Robba, Alen Vižintin, Jan Bitenc, Gregor Mali, Iztok Arčon, Matjaž Kavčič, Matjaž Žitnik, Klemen Bučar, Giuliana Aquilanti, Charlotte Martineau-Corcos, Anna Randon-Vitanova, Robert Dominko, 2017, izvirni znanstveni članek

Opis: Magnesium sulfur batteries are considered as attractive energy storage devices due to the abundance of electrochemically active materials and high theoretical energy density. Here we report the mechanism of a Mg-S battery operation, which was studied in the presence of simple and commercially available salts dissolved in a mixture of glymes. The electrolyte offers high sulfur conversion into MgS in the first discharge with low polarization. The electrochemical conversion of sulfur with magnesium proceeds through two well-defined plateaus, which correspond to the equilibrium between sulfur and polysulfides (high-voltage plateau) and polysulfides and MgS (low-voltage plateau). As shown by XANES, RIXS and NMR studies, the end discharge phase involves MgS with Mg atoms in a tetrahedral environment resembling the wurtzite structure, while chemically synthesized MgS crystalizes in the rock-salt structure with octahedral coordination of magnesium.
Ključne besede: magnesium, sulfur, rechargeable batteries, XAS, NMR
Objavljeno v RUNG: 19.10.2017; Ogledov: 5111; Prenosov: 0
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