1. The Radio Detector of the Pierre Auger ObservatoryJ. R. Hörandel, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: To measure the properties of the highest-energy particles in the Universe with unprecedented precision, we have upgraded the Pierre Auger Observatory. A crucial component of this upgrade is the Radio Detector. Radio antennas have been added to all 1660 positions of the surface detector array, covering an area of 3000 sq. km. The antennas detect radio emission, emitted by extensive air showers in the frequency band from 30 to 80 MHz in two polarization directions - one parallel and one perpendicular to the Earth magnetic field. For inclined air showers with zenith angles above 60 degrees, the radio antennas provide a clean measurement of the electromagnetic shower component, while the water-Čerenkov detectors measure the muonic component. Large-scale deployment in the Argentinian Pampa Amarilla started around June 2023 and has been completed in 2024. The deployment is accompanied by extensive calibration efforts both, in the laboratory and in the field. The signal chain is characterized in the laboratory. Galactic radio emission is used as a reference signal and the antenna patterns are verified through in-situ calibrations with a reference antenna. Commissioning of the system is in full progress as well as the analysis of first measured air showers. We present first air showers measured with the largest radio detector for cosmic rays in the world.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, surface detectors, Water-Cherenkov detectors, Surface Scintillator detectors
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.05.2025; Ogledov: 104; Prenosov: 0
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2. Modeling gender variation in Russian indeclinable nouns : optimality over structuralism, hierarchical MaxEnt, and degrees of idiosyncrasyVarvara Magomedova, Kirill Chuprinko, Natalia Slioussar, 2024, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: In this paper, we provide an analysis of the grammatical gender of 131 inanimate
indeclinable Russian nouns based on the data from the General Internet Corpus
of the Russian Language. We demonstrate that most nouns show substantial variation,
being used in two or even in all three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
We identify several factors affecting this, primarily the gender of the semantic analogy
noun and the root-final vowel. We argue that these data can be used to compare
several major morphological frameworks and conclude that some approaches, namely
optimality-theoretic probabilistic ones, are better suited to account for them. We also
compare different models within the chosen set of approaches and show that the hierarchical
Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) models are superior to the classical MaxEnt
models.
Ključne besede: gender, MaxEnt, indeclinable nouns, gender agreement, gender variation, Russian, corpus data
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.05.2025; Ogledov: 99; Prenosov: 1
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3. Machine learning-based analyses using surface detector data of the Pierre Auger ObservatorySteffen Hahn, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest detector for the study of extensive air showers induced
by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). Its hybrid detector design allows the simultaneous
observation of different parts of the shower evolution using various detection techniques. To
accurately understand the physics behind the origin of UHECRs, it is essential to determine their
mass composition. However, since UHECRs cannot be measured directly, estimating their masses
is highly non-trivial. The most common approach is to analyze mass-sensitive observables, such as
the number of secondary muons and the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum.
An intriguing part of the shower to estimate these observables is its footprint. The shower footprint is detected by ground-based detectors, such as the Water-Cherenkov detectors (WCDs) of the Surface Detector (SD) of the Observatory, which have an uptime of nearly 100%, resulting in a high number of observed events. However, the spatio-temporal information stored in the shower footprints is highly complex, making it very challenging to analyze the footprints using analytical and phenomenological methods. Therefore, the Pierre Auger Collaboration utilizes machine learning-based algorithms to complement classical methods in order to exploit the measured data with unprecedented precision. In this contribution, we highlight these machine learning-based analyses used to determine high-level shower observables that help to infer the mass of the primary particle, with a particular focus on analyses using the shower footprint detected by the WCDs and the Surface Scintillator Detectors (SSD) of the SD. We show that these novel methods show promising results on simulations and offer improved reconstruction performance when applied to measured data.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs), extensive air showers, Pierre Auger Observatory, surface detector, Water-Cherenkov detectors (WCDs), Surface Scintillator Detectors (SSDs), UHECR mass composition, air-shower footprint, machine learning
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.05.2025; Ogledov: 54; Prenosov: 0
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4. Communicating astroparticle physics with the public : the Pierre Auger experienceBeatriz García, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: The Pierre Auger Observatory has developed various activities along the last year in the field of education and dissemination of astrophysics and high-energy astroparticle physics. Since 1999 different approaches and improvements of the tools used to explain what cosmic rays are have been implemented, tested, and redesigned based on public feedback in its headquarters in Malargüe city. This presentation highlights the Observatory's engagement with the community, focusing on the new initiatives. The open data policy, master classes for middle-level students and teachers, the design of innovative activities that involve the community, and the presence of the Observatory in special events with the participation of students are also described.
Ključne besede: open data policy, ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, education
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.05.2025; Ogledov: 88; Prenosov: 0
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5. Calibrating the Surface Scintillator Detector of AugerPrimePaul Filip, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: We present the methods used to calibrate the Surface Scintillator Detector of the Pierre Auger
Observatory. We describe how to obtain an accurate calibration of the scintillator by examining
peak and charge distributions of atmospheric muons. This is done whenever an extensive air
shower event measured by the Surface Detector is reconstructed. We also describe the work
towards an algorithm that uses a rate-based approach to calibrate the Surface Scintillator
Detectors independently.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, AugerPrime upgrade, detector calibration
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.05.2025; Ogledov: 91; Prenosov: 0
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6. Investigations of CORSIKA thinning levels suitable for studies of photon-hadron discrimination at ultra-high energiesFiona Ellwanger, Andrej Filipčič, Jon Paul Lundquist, Shima Ujjani Shivashankara, Samo Stanič, Serguei Vorobiov, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, 2025, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci Opis: Cosmic ray detectors like the 3000 sq. km surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory are
capable of observing high-energy photons in the range of 10[sup]18 to 10[sup]20 eV if the flux
is sufficiently high.
However, no clear candidates for ultra-high-energy photons have been identified yet, so
simulations must be used to study typical trigger patterns and observables for discriminating photons from hadrons, e.g., with neural networks.
Thinning algorithms are applied to keep the computation time and file sizes in a manageable range since the simulation of ultra-high-energy particle showers is computationally expensive.
In CORSIKA, particles with energies below a certain fraction of the primary energy, the thinning level, are exposed to thinning.
In the case of thinning, only one of the particles emerging from an interaction is tracked.
By assigning a corresponding weight, this particle then represents a number of its siblings.
However, the weights of particles that originate from electromagnetic interactions can be 100 times larger than for hadronic interactions.
In contrast to hadronic showers, where a major part of the signal in a surface detector
is produced by muons, photon showers are almost purely electromagnetic.
Using simulations of photon-induced showers with two different thinning levels, the influence
on different observables used for photon-hadron discrimination is investigated.
Effects deriving from both statistical sampling and detector simulations are considered.
Possible influences on station-level as well as event-level observables are probed.
With this study, we are reassured that the optimal thinning parameters determined for
hadron-induced showers are also sufficient for photon-induced showers.
Ključne besede: ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, Pierre Auger Observatory, extensive air showers, CORSIKA air-shower simulator
Objavljeno v RUNG: 16.05.2025; Ogledov: 95; Prenosov: 1
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