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Opis: We outline two concepts to explain Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs), one based on radio galaxies and their relativistic jets and terminal hot spots, and one based on relativistic Super-Novae (SNe) or Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) in starburst galaxies, one matching the arrival direction data in the South (the radio galaxy Cen A) and one in the North (the starburst galaxy M82). The most likely identification of the origin of observed Gravitational Wave (GW) events is stellar binary black hole (BH) mergers in starburst galaxies such as M82 with the highest rate of star formation, so the highest far-infrared (FIR) luminosity, at the edge of the universe visible in 10 - 300 Hz GWs; at low heavy element abundance Zch the formation of stellar BHs extends to a larger mass range. A radio galaxy such as Cen A sequence of events involves first the merger of two Super-Massive Black Holes (SMBHs), with the associated ejection of low frequency GWs, then the formation of a new relativistic jet aiming into a new direction: ubiquitous neutrino emission follows accompanied by compact TeV photon emission, detectable more easily if the direction is towards Earth. The ejection of UHECRs is last. Both these sites are the perfect high energy physics laboratory: We have observed particles up to ZeV, neutrinos up to PeV, photons up to TeV, 30 - 300 Hz GW events, and hope to detect soon of order µHz to mHz GW events. Energy turnover in single low frequency GW events may be of order ∼1063 erg. How can we further test these concepts? First of all by associating individual UHECR events, or directional groups of events, with chemical composition in both the Telescope Array (TA) Coll. and the Auger Coll. data. Second by identifying more TeV to PeV neutrinos with recent SMBH mergers. Third by detecting the order < mHz GW events of SMBH binaries, and identifying the galaxies host to the stellar BH mergers and their GW events in the range up to 300 Hz. Fourth by finally detecting the formation of the first generation of SMBHs and their mergers, surely a spectacular discovery.
Ključne besede: UHECR, cosmic rays, anisotropy
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.04.2020; Ogledov: 3265; Prenosov: 129
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Opis: The Telescope Array experiment (TA) is the largest cosmic-ray detector in the northern hemi-sphere and consists of a surface detector (SD) array, plus three fluorescence detector (FD) stations overlooking the SD. The large field-of-view of an FD allows for reconstruction of the air-shower development in the atmosphere by imaging ultra-violet fluorescence light from atmospheric nitrogen excited by UHECRs. In estimation of the primary energy it is necessary to add to the calorimetric energy observed by the FD a “missing energy”, meaning the fraction of the primary energy that is not deposited by charged particles in the air. We report on the measurement of the missing energy from observed data collected by the TA FD and TA SD, independently of Monte Carlo simulations, using a technique pioneered by the Pierre Auger Observatory. We also address the effect on the energy scale attributed to fluorescence yield parameters.
Ključne besede: UHECR, cosmic rays, energy spectrum
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.04.2020; Ogledov: 3542; Prenosov: 84
Celotno besedilo (4,74 MB)

Opis: Ultra high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) chemical composition is important to resolving questions about the locations of UHECR sources and propagation models. Because composition can only be deduced by a process of statistical inference via the observation of air shower maxima (Xmax), UHECR observatories with large data collection rates must be employed to reduce statistical fluctuations. Telescope Array (TA), the largest cosmic ray observatory in the Northern Hemisphere, is designed to answer the question of UHECR composition, as well as other important features of cosmic ray flux, by combining a large array of over 500 scintillation surface detectors spread over 700 km^2, and three fluorescence detector stations overlooking the array. With eight years of data recorded, results of the measurements of UHECR composition will be presented. UHECR composition is traditionally measured by comparing the first and second moments of the distributions of shower maxima, which evolves with energy, between data and simulations. Reducing statistical fluctuations in the data helps to distinguish between different primary elements in the flux. In the current generation of cosmic ray observatories, UHECR data sets are large enough, and statistical uncertainties are now small enough, that we can safely distinguish between very light primary source flux (i.e., protons) and heavy flux (i.e., iron). Reducing systematic uncertainties is also important though, since large systematic shifts in air shower maxima will influence the interpretation of the data when compared to models. TA therefore employs different methods of measuring Xmax, including stereo air fluorescence, air fluorescence-surface counter hybrid, and a new technique using only surface counters. Updated results of TA hybrid composition among the different methods are presented using up to eight years of data. Agreement among all TA hybrid composition results are shown as well as detailed systematic errors which can be further explored by comparing composition results of the different measurement methods. Comparison of TA Xmax data are compared to different composition models as well.
Ključne besede: UHECR, Cosmic rays, composition
Objavljeno v RUNG: 29.04.2020; Ogledov: 3414; Prenosov: 86
Celotno besedilo (499,33 KB)

Opis: Evidence of an energy dependent intermediate-scale anisotropy has been found in the arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays in the northern hemisphere, using 7 years of TA surface detector data. The previously reported ``hot spot" excess E ≥ 10^19.75 EeV is found to correspond to a deficit, or ``cold spot," of events for 10^19.2≤ E < 10^19.75 EeV. This feature suggests energy dependent magnetic deflection of cosmic-rays. The global post-trial significance of the energy spectrum deviation is found to be 3.74σ.
Ključne besede: UHECR, cosmic rays, energy spectrum, anisotropy, magnetic deflection
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.04.2020; Ogledov: 3616; Prenosov: 82
Celotno besedilo (4,87 MB)

Opis: Despite deflections by Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields, the distribution of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) over the celestial sphere remains a most promising observable for the identification of their sources. Thanks to a large number of detected events over the past years, a large-scale anisotropy at energies above 8 EeV has been identified, and there are also indications from the Telescope Array and Pierre Auger Collaborations of deviations from isotropy at intermediate angular scales (about 20 degrees) at the highest energies. In this contribution, we map the flux of UHECRs over the full sky at energies beyond each of two major features in the UHECR spectrum – the ankle and the flux suppression, and we derive limits for anisotropy on different angular scales in the two energy regimes. In particular, full-sky coverage enables constraints on low-order multipole moments without assumptions about the strength of higher-order multipoles. Following previous efforts from the two Collaborations, we build full-sky maps accounting for the relative exposure of the arrays and differences in the energy normalizations. The procedure relies on cross-calibrating the UHECR fluxes reconstructed in the declination band around the celestial equator covered by both observatories. We present full-sky maps at energies above ~10 EeV and ~50 EeV, using the largest datasets shared across UHECR collaborations to date. We report on anisotropy searches exploiting full-sky coverage and discuss possible constraints on the distribution of UHECR sources.
Ključne besede: UHECR, cosmic rays, anisotropy, Telescope Array, Pierre Auger Observatory
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.04.2020; Ogledov: 3525; Prenosov: 86
Celotno besedilo (4,92 MB)