21. Determination of high-time resolution mineral dust concentration in real-time by optical absorption measurementsMatic Ivančič, Irena Ježek, Martin Rigler, Asta Gregorič, Bálint Alföldy, Rok Podlipec, Luka Drinovec, Griša Močnik, 2021, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci Ključne besede: mineral dust, concentration, aerosols, air quality
Objavljeno v RUNG: 17.11.2021; Ogledov: 2982; Prenosov: 20
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22. |
23. Aircraft vertical profiles during summertime regional and Saharan dust scenarios over the north-western Mediterranean basin: aerosol optical and physical propertiesJesús Yus-Díez, Marina Ealo, Marco Pandolfi, Noemi Perez, Gloria Titos, Griša Močnik, Xavier Querol, A. Alastuey, 2021, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Accurate measurements of the horizontal and vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol particle optical properties are key for a better understanding of their impact on the climate. Here we present the results of a measurement campaign based on instrumented flights over north-eastern Spain. We measured vertical profiles of size-segregated atmospheric particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations and multi-wavelength scattering and absorption coefficients in the western Mediterranean basin (WMB). The campaign took place during typical summer conditions, characterized by the development of a vertical multi-layer structure, under both summer regional pollution episodes (REGs) and Saharan dust events (SDEs). REG patterns in the region form under high insolation and scarce precipitation in summer, favouring layering of highly aged fine-PM strata in the lower few kma.s.l.
The REG scenario prevailed during the entire measurement campaign. Additionally, African dust outbreaks and plumes from northern African wildfires influenced the study area. The vertical profiles of climate-relevant intensive optical parameters such as single-scattering albedo (SSA); the asymmetry parameter (g); scattering, absorption and SSA Ångström exponents (SAE, AAE and SSAAE); and PM mass scattering and absorption cross sections (MSC and MAC) were derived from the measurements. Moreover, we compared the aircraft measurements with those performed at two GAW–ACTRIS (Global Atmosphere Watch–Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases) surface measurement stations located in north-eastern Spain, namely Montseny (MSY; regional background) and Montsec d'Ares (MSA; remote site).
Airborne in situ measurements and ceilometer ground-based remote measurements identified aerosol air masses at altitudes up to more than 3.5 kma.s.l.
The vertical profiles of the optical properties markedly changed according to the prevailing atmospheric scenarios. During SDE the SAE was low along the profiles, reaching values < 1.0 in the dust layers. Correspondingly, SSAAE was negative, and AAE reached values up to 2.0–2.5, as a consequence of the UV absorption increased by the presence of the coarse dust particles. During REG, the SAE increased to > 2.0, and the asymmetry parameter g was rather low (0.5–0.6) due to the prevalence of fine PM, which was characterized by an AAE close to 1.0, suggesting a fossil fuel combustion origin. During REG, some of the layers featured larger AAE (> 1.5), relatively low SSA at 525 nm (< 0.85) and high MSC (> 9 m2 g−1) and were associated with the influence of PM from wildfires. Overall, the SSA and MSC near the ground ranged around 0.85 and 3 m2 g−1, respectively, and increased at higher altitudes, reaching values above 0.95 and up to 9 m2 g−1. The PM, MSC and MAC were on average larger during REG compared to SDE due to the larger scattering and absorption efficiency of fine PM compared with dust. The SSA and MSC had quite similar vertical profiles and often both increased with height indicating the progressive shift toward PM with a larger scattering efficiency with altitude.
This study contributes to our understanding of regional-aerosol vertical distribution and optical properties in the WMB, and the results will be useful for improving future climate projections and remote sensing or satellite retrieval algorithms.
Ključne besede: aerosol, climate change, Saharan dust, black carbon, aerosol absorption, aerosol scattering
Objavljeno v RUNG: 14.01.2021; Ogledov: 3655; Prenosov: 0
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24. Household and road dust as indicators of airborne particulate matter elemental composition : dissertationKlemen Teran, 2020, doktorska disertacija Opis: Household dust (HD) and road dust (RD) are widespread and easily accessible urban sediments, which are influenced by deposition of airborne particulate matter (PM). Since airborne PM is considered to be one of the most important pollutants in urban areas, with significant adverse effects on human health, a better understanding of its elemental composition and dispersion mechanisms is needed. The present study examines whether the HD and RD elemental composition can be used as a quick alternative method for the determination of corresponding PM elemental composition over a selected area.
In summer 2016, HD, RD, and topsoil samples were collected from 249 sampling locations distributed across rural, urban, and industrial areas in Slovenia. The collected samples were sieved for particle diameters below 63 μm and analysed for 53 elements with ICP-MS after aqua regia digestion. SEM/EDS analyses were applied for the determination of characteristic particles at the microlevel. Finally, the elemental composition of HD and RD was compared with the PM10 elemental composition obtained from National Network for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring governed by Slovenian Environmental Agency (ARSO) to determine any potential connection between them.
The results show that HD and RD are considerably enriched with a large set of elements compared to the topsoil. Correlations and factor analyses show that spatial distribution of factor scores in RD revealed strong regional trends, connected with soil resuspension (Al, Ce, Ga, K, La, Li, P, Rb, Sc and Y) or with anthropogenic sources such as traffic (Ag, Bi, Cu, Sb and Sn), steel mill emissions (Cr, Mo, Mn, Ni and W) and construction material decomposition (Ca and Sr). In contrast, HD elemental composition was highly variable between sampling locations. Variability was probably caused by indoor sources, such as smoking (Ce and La), biomass combustion (K, P and Rb), construction material decomposition (Ca and Sr) and residents’ professional occupation: dental care employees (Ag, Au, Pd) and employees in the metal-processing industry (Cr, Mo, Ni).
Among deposited particles in RD, urbanization processes, such as fossil fuel combustion and traffic emissions, including brake pad abrasion and tyre wear, contributed the largest share of particles with anomalous elemental composition. Brake pad abrasion, for instance, contributed Ba-, Cu-, Sn-, and Zn-enriched irregular, angular and tabular particles, while tyre wear produced elongated rubber particles with traces of Ba, Cu, and Zn. RD from urban areas showed significantly higher elemental levels of Ag, Bi, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mo, Nb, Pb, Pt, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, Zn, and W in comparison to the rural environment, indicating the strong impact of urbanization on RD elemental composition.
Another important anthropogenic source of deposited particles in RD were steel mills. Strong anomalies of Cr, Mo and Ni were detected in their vicinity. Their elemental levels decreased with distancing from the plan location, reaching urban background levels between 15 and 20 km from the mills. SEM/EDS analyses identified enrichments of Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, and W in spherical particles and particles with partially melted surfaces, which were found only in the proximity of steel mills, indicating their influence of the PM deposition.
Comparison of RD and the corresponding PM10 elemental composition showed that the RD fraction with particle diameters below 63 μm reflects PM10 elemental composition for the last 30 to 90 days for Cr, Cu, Mo and Zn and can be used as a predictor for PM10 elemental levels. This is not true for HD, as indoor particle sources prevail over the deposition of ambient PM10.
Ključne besede: household dust, road dust, particulate matter, PM10, pollution, Slovenia, steel mills, topsoil, traffic, urbanization
Objavljeno v RUNG: 02.12.2020; Ogledov: 5395; Prenosov: 209
 Celotno besedilo (17,40 MB) |
25. A new optical-based technique for real-time measurements of mineral dust concentration in PM10 using a virtual impactorLuka Drinovec, Jean Sciare, Iasonas Stavroulas, Spiros Bezantakos, Michael Pikridas, FLORIN UNGA, Chrysanthos Savvides, Bojana Višnjić, Maja Remškar, Griša Močnik, 2020, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Atmospheric mineral dust influences Earth’s radiative
budget, cloud formation, and lifetime; has adverse
health effects; and affects air quality through the increase of
regulatory PM10 concentrations, making its real-time quantification
in the atmosphere of strategic importance. Only
few near-real-time techniques can discriminate dust aerosol
in PM10 samples and they are based on the dust chemical
composition. The online determination of mineral dust using
aerosol absorption photometers offers an interesting and
competitive alternative but remains a difficult task to achieve.
This is particularly challenging when dust is mixed with
black carbon, which features a much higher mass absorption
cross section. We build on previous work using filter photometers
and present here for the first time a highly timeresolved
online technique for quantification of mineral dust
concentration by coupling a high-flow virtual impactor (VI)
sampler that concentrates coarse particles with an aerosol absorption
photometer (Aethalometer, model AE33). The absorption
of concentrated dust particles is obtained by subtracting
the absorption of the submicron (PM1) aerosol fraction
from the absorption of the virtual impactor sample (VIPM1
method). This real-time method for detecting desert
dust was tested in the field for a period of 2 months (April and
May 2016) at a regional background site of Cyprus, in the
Eastern Mediterranean. Several intense desert mineral dust
events were observed during the field campaign with dust
concentration in PM10 up to 45 μgm
Ključne besede: aerosol absorption, mineral dust, on-line detection, air quality
Objavljeno v RUNG: 20.07.2020; Ogledov: 4045; Prenosov: 0
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26. Time-varying sodium absorption in the Type Ia supernova 2013ghRaphael Ferretti, R. Amanullah, Ariel Goobar, Joel Johansson, Tanja Petrushevska, 2016, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: Context. Temporal variability of narrow absorption lines in high-resolution spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is studied to
search for circumstellar matter. Time series which resolve the profiles of absorption lines such as Na I D or Ca II H&K are expected
to reveal variations due to photoionisation and subsequent recombination of the gases. The presence, composition, and geometry of
circumstellar matter may hint at the elusive progenitor system of SNe Ia and could also affect the observed reddening law.
Aims. To date, there are few known cases of time-varying Na I D absorption in SNe Ia, all of which occurred during relatively late
phases of the supernova (SN) evolution. Photoionisation, however, is predicted to occur during the early phases of SNe Ia, when the
supernovae peak in the ultraviolet. We attempt, therefore, to observe early-time absorption-line variations by obtaining high-resolution
spectra of SNe before maximum light.
Methods. We have obtained photometry and high-resolution spectroscopy of SNe Ia 2013gh and iPTF 13dge, to search for absorptionline
variations. Furthermore, we study interstellar absorption features in relation to the observed photometric colours of the SNe.
Results. Both SNe display deep Na I D and Ca II H&K absorption features. Furthermore, small but significant variations are detected
in a feature of the Na I D profile of SN 2013gh. The variations are consistent with either geometric effects of rapidly moving or patchy
gas clouds or photoionisation of Na I gas at R ≈ 1019 cm from the explosion.
Conclusions. Our analysis indicates that it is necessary to focus on early phases to detect photoionisation effects of gases in the
circumstellar medium of SNe Ia. Different absorbers such as Na I and Ca II can be used to probe for matter at different distances from
the SNe. The nondetection of variations during early phases makes it possible to put limits on the abundance of the species at those
distances.
Ključne besede: supernovae: general – supernovae: individual: SN 2013gh – dust, extinction – circumstellar matter –
supernovae: individual: iPTF 13dge
Objavljeno v RUNG: 23.01.2018; Ogledov: 4798; Prenosov: 0
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27. Diversity in extinction laws of Type Ia supernovae measured between 0.2 and 2 μmRahman Amanullah, Tanja Petrushevska, 2015, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: We present ultraviolet (UV) observations of six nearby Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, three of which were also observed in the near-IR (NIR) with Wide-Field Camera 3. UV observations with the Swift satellite, as well as ground-based optical and NIR data provide complementary information. The combined data set covers the wavelength range 0.2–2 μm. By also including archival data of SN 2014J, we analyse a sample spanning observed colour excesses up to E(B − V) = 1.4 mag. We study the wavelength-dependent extinction of each individual SN and find a diversity of reddening laws when characterized by the total-to-selective extinction RV. In particular, we note that for the two SNe with E(B − V) ≳ 1 mag, for which the colour excess is dominated by dust extinction, we find RV = 1.4 ± 0.1 and RV = 2.8 ± 0.1. Adding UV photometry reduces the uncertainty of fitted RV by ∼50 per cent allowing us to also measure RV of individual low-extinction objects which point to a similar diversity, currently not accounted for in the analyses when SNe Ia are used for studying the expansion history of the Universe.
Ključne besede: circumstellar matter, supernovae: general, supernovae: individual: SNe 2012cg, supernovae: individual: 2012cu, dust, extinction
Objavljeno v RUNG: 23.01.2018; Ogledov: 4709; Prenosov: 0
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28. THE PECULIAR EXTINCTION LAW OF SN 2014J MEASURED WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPERahman Amanullah, Ariel Goobar, Joel Johansson, D.P.K. Banerjee, V. Venkataraman, V. Joshi, N.M. Ashok, Yi Cao, Mansi Kasliwal, S.R. Kulkarni, P.E. Nugent, Tanja Petrushevska, V. Stanishev, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: The wavelength dependence of the extinction of Type Ia SN 2014J in the nearby galaxy M82 has been measured
using UV to near-IR photometry obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Nordic Optical Telescope, and
the Mount Abu Infrared Telescope. This is the first time that the reddening of an SN Ia is characterized over the
full wavelength range of 0.2–2μm. A total-to-selective extinction, RV 3.1, is ruled out with high significance.
The best fit at maximum using a Galactic type extinction law yields RV = 1.4 ± 0.1. The observed reddening of
SN 2014J is also compatible with a power-law extinction, Aλ/AV = (λ/λV )
p as expected from multiple scattering
of light, with p = −2.1 ± 0.1. After correcting for differences in reddening, SN 2014J appears to be very similar
to SN 2011fe over the 14 broadband filter light curves used in our study.
Ključne besede: dust, extinction – galaxies: individual (Messier 82) – supernovae: individual SN2014J
Objavljeno v RUNG: 22.01.2018; Ogledov: 6136; Prenosov: 0
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29. THE RISE OF SN 2014J IN THE NEARBY GALAXY M82Ariel Goobar, Joel Johansson, Rahman Amanullah, Yi Cao, Mansi Kasliwal, Raphael Ferretti, Peter Nugent, Daniel Perley, Avishay Gal-Yam, Eran Ofek, S. P. Tendulkar, M. Dennefeld, Stefano Valenti, Iair Arcavi, D.P.K. Banerjee, V. Venkataraman, Brad Cenko, Tanja Petrushevska, T.J. Dupuy, M.C. Liu, 2014, izvirni znanstveni članek Opis: We report on the discovery of SN 2014J in the nearby galaxy M82. Given its proximity, it offers the best opportunity
to date to study a thermonuclear supernova (SN) over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Optical, nearIR,
and mid-IR observations on the rising light curve, orchestrated by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory,
show that SN 2014J is a spectroscopically normal Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), albeit exhibiting high-velocity features
in its spectrum and heavily reddened by dust in the host galaxy. Our earliest detections start just hours after the
fitted time of explosion. We use high-resolution optical spectroscopy to analyze the dense intervening material and
do not detect any evolution in the resolved absorption features during the light curve rise. Similar to other highly
reddened SNe Ia, a low value of total-to-selective extinction, RV 2, provides the best match to our observations.
We also study pre-explosion optical and near-IR images from Hubble Space Telescope with special emphasis on
the sources nearest to the SN location.
Ključne besede: dust, extinction – galaxies: individual (Messier 82) – supernovae: individual (SN 2014J)
Objavljeno v RUNG: 22.01.2018; Ogledov: 5169; Prenosov: 0 (1 glas)
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