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Opis: Context. Thanks to the advent of large-scale optical surveys, a diverse set of flares from the nuclear regions of galaxies has recently been discovered. These include the disruption of stars by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies – nuclear transients known as tidal disruption events (TDEs). Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can show extreme changes in the brightness and emission line intensities, often referred to as changing-look AGN (CLAGN). Given the physical and observational similarities, the interpretation and distinction of nuclear transients as CLAGN or TDEs remains difficult. One of the obstacles of making progress in the field is the lack of well-sampled data of long-lived nuclear outbursts in AGN. Aims. Here, we study PS16dtm, a nuclear transient in a Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy, which has been proposed to be a TDE candidate. Our aim is to study the spectroscopic and photometric properties of PS16dtm, in order to better understand the outbursts originating in NLSy1 galaxies. Methods. Our extensive multiwavelength follow-up that spans around 2000 days includes photometry and spectroscopy in the UV/optical, as well as mid-infrared (MIR) and X-ray observations. Furthermore, we improved an existing semiempirical model in order to reproduce the spectra and study the evolution of the spectral lines. Results. The UV/optical light curve shows a double peak at ∼50 and ∼100 days after the first detection, and it declines and flattens afterward, reaching preoutburst levels after 2000 days of monitoring. The MIR light curve rises almost simultaneously with the optical, but unlike the UV/optical which is approaching the preoutburst levels in the last epochs of our observations, the MIR emission is still rising at the time of writing. The optical spectra show broad Balmer features and the strongest broad Fe II emission ever detected in a nuclear transient. This broad Fe II emission was not present in the archival preoutburst spectrum and almost completely disappeared +1868 days after the outburst. We found that the majority of the flux of the broad Balmer and Fe II lines is produced by photoionization. We detect only weak X-ray emission in the 0.5−8 keV band at the location of PS16dtm, at +848, +1130, and +1429 days past the outburst. This means that the X-ray emission continues to be lower by at least an order of magnitude, compared to archival, preoutburst measurements. Conclusions. We confirm that the observed properties of PS16dtm are difficult to reconcile with normal AGN variability. The TDE scenario continues to be a plausible explanation for the observed properties, even though PS16dtm shows differences compared to TDE in quiescent galaxies. We suggest that this event is part of a growing sample of TDEs that show broad Balmer line profiles and Fe II complexes. We argue that the extreme variability seen in the AGN host due to PS16dtm may have easily been misclassified as a CLAGN, especially if the rising part of the light curve had been missed. This implies that some changing look episodes in AGN may be triggered by TDEs. Imaging and spectroscopic data of AGN with good sampling are needed to enable testing of possible physical mechanisms behind the extreme variability in AGN.
Ključne besede: nuclear transients, supermassive black holes, tidal disruption events, active galactic nuclei
Objavljeno v RUNG: 24.01.2023; Ogledov: 1393; Prenosov: 19
Celotno besedilo (2,75 MB)
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Ključne besede: Supernovae
Objavljeno v RUNG: 13.12.2022; Ogledov: 1063; Prenosov: 0
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Opis: Thanks to the advent of large-scale optical surveys, a diverse set of flares from the nuclear regions of galaxies has recently been discovered. These include the disruption of stars by supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies - nuclear transients known as tidal disruption events (TDEs). Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can show extreme changes in the brightness and emission line intensities, often referred to as changing-look AGN (CLAGN).  Given the physical and observational similarities, the interpretation and distinction of nuclear transients as CLAGN or TDEs remains difficult. One of the obstacles of making progress in the field is the lack of well-sampled data of long-lived nuclear outbursts in AGN. I will present PS16dtm, a nuclear transient in a Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy which has been proposed to be a TDE candidate. I will show our multi-year spectroscopic and photometric study of PS16dtm, which can help us to better understand the outbursts originating in NLSy1 galaxies.
Ključne besede: supermassive black holes, active galactic nuclei, tidal disruption events
Objavljeno v RUNG: 09.11.2022; Ogledov: 1173; Prenosov: 6
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Opis: Thanks to the advent of large-scale optical surveys, a diverse set of flares from the nuclear regions of galaxies has recently been discovered. These include the disruption of stars by supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies - nuclear transients known as tidal disruption events (TDEs). Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can show extreme changes in the brightness and emission line intensities, often referred to as changing-look AGN (CLAGN).  Given the physical and observational similarities, the interpretation and distinction of nuclear transients as CLAGN or TDEs remains difficult. One of the obstacles of making progress in the field is the lack of well-sampled data of long-lived nuclear outbursts in AGN. I will present PS16dtm, a nuclear transient in a Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy which has been proposed to be a TDE candidate. I will show our multi-year spectroscopic and photometric study of PS16dtm, which can help us to better understand the outbursts originating in NLSy1 galaxies.
Ključne besede: supermassive black holes, active galactic nuclei, transients
Objavljeno v RUNG: 09.11.2022; Ogledov: 1161; Prenosov: 8
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Opis: Radon (222Rn) je naravni radioaktivni plin, ki ob daljši izpostavljenosti pri človeku poveča tveganje za nastanek pljučnega raka. V stavbe vstopa 222Rn preko stavbnega ovoja, ki je v stiku z zemljino, zato je njegova koncentracija v zraku stavb odvisna od koncentracije v talnem zraku, kakovosti gradnje, meteoroloških dejavnikov in prezračevanja (naravno ali mehansko). Za raziskavo smo izbrali dve sosednji stanovanjski stavbi: (i) novejšo naseljeno z dobro zrakotesnostjo stavbnega ovoja in (ii) starejšo nenaseljeno s slabšo zrakotesnostjo stavbnega ovoja. V obeh stavbah smo v obdobju april–december 2021 merili koncentracije 222Rn, v novejši stavbi pa smo s pomočjo simulacije optimizirali prezračevanje. Najprej smo izvedli tridnevne (tj. kratkotrajne) kontinuirne meritve koncentracije 222Rn v izbranih prostorih obeh stavb. Na osnovi rezultatov smo izbrali prostore za nadaljnje meritve, in sicer v novejši (študentsko sobo, dnevno sobo in klet) in v starejši stavbi (kopalnico), kjer smo izvedli večtedenske (t.i. dolgotrajne) kontinuirne meritve koncentracije 222Rn v vseh letnih časih. Ugotovili smo, da so povprečne letne koncentracije 222Rn v novejši stavbi pod referenčno mejo 300 Bq/m3 (študentska soba 179±63 Bq/m3, dnevna soba 114±35 Bq/m3) ter povišane v kleti (1038±477 Bq/m3) in v starejši stavbi (1927±1461 Bq/m3). V nadaljevanju je bil poudarek raziskave na študentski sobi, kjer smo jeseni in pozimi, sočasno s koncentracijo 222Rn, kontinuirno merili še koncentracijo CO2 in spremljali pogostost in trajanje naravnega prezračevanja (odpiranje balkonskih vrat). Kljub pogostemu prezračevanju, so v obeh letnih časih zgodaj zjutraj koncentracije 222Rn večkrat presegle 250 Bq/m3, koncentracije CO2 pa 2000 ppm. Koncentracije 222Rn in CO2 smo nato še simulirali v programu CONTAM 3.4.0.1 z različnimi načrtovanimi stopnjami prezračevanja (DVR). Kriterij, ki smo ga pri tem upoštevali je bil, da koncentraciji 222Rn in CO2 ne presežeta mejne vrednosti (100 Bq/m3 za 222Rn in 1000 ppm za CO2). Jeseni smo ta pogoj dosegli pri 25,0 m3/h (0,5/h) za 222Rn in 69,9 m3/h (1,4/h) za CO2. Pozimi tega pogoja nismo mogli doseči za 222Rn niti z DVR 89,9 m3/h (1,8/h), za CO2 smo ga zagotovili pri DVR 69,9 m3/h (1,4/h). Ker tako visoke stopnje izmenjav zraka težko dosežemo z naravnim prezračevanjem, smo predlagali vgradnjo prezračevalnega sistema. Izračunali smo še letno efektivno dozo, ki jo zaradi 222Rn in produktov v zraku prejme oseba v študentski sobi (4 mSv), ki je višja od povprečne efektivne doze v svetovnem merilu (1,15 mSv/leto). Povišana efektivna doza še dodatno potrjuje smiselnost vgradnje prezračevalnega sistema.
Ključne besede: radon, ogljikov dioksid, stanovanjska stavba, prezračevanje, efektivna doza, simulacija
Objavljeno v RUNG: 10.08.2022; Ogledov: 2460; Prenosov: 91
Celotno besedilo (3,27 MB)