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1.
Exploration of yeast biodiversity potential for development of alternative biofungicides in viticulture : dissertation
Rowland Adesida, 2022, doktorska disertacija

Opis: Botrytis cinerea Pers., the fungal plant pathogen and the causal agent of gray mould diseases in grapevine, is vastly responsible for substantial economic losses in table and wine grapes production worldwide by negatively affecting plant growth and causing the reduction of grape and wine quality. The conventional approach for pathogen control has been up to date based on synthetic fungicides with good effectiveness against pathogens but a negative impact on the environment. The growing level of harmful residues in the environment and some also detected in wines have led the European Union and many winemakers to limit the application of synthetic fungicides to earlier season. However, with a high risk of disease also late in the season, the need for other solutions is clear. Consequently, more and more research is focused on finding potential alternatives in the form of effective biological control agents. Although there are several reports of yeast’s biocontrol activity, they are up to date still poorly commercialized for such purposes. As the yeasts represent an important part of the grape microflora, competing with other microorganisms (including pathogens) for nutrients and space, we decided to examine the potential of autochthonous yeasts as "green" alternatives in fighting against phytopathogens such as B. cinerea in viticulture. With this aim, we tested the biocontrol activity of 119 different indigenous yeasts belonging to 30 different species of 17 genera against filamentous fungus B. cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould or botrytis bunch rot in grape. The yeasts were screened for putative multidimensional modes of action such as antifungal volatiles (VOC), in vitro inhibition of fungal mycelial growth, competition for nutrients, hydrolytic enzyme activities, and yeast tolerance to fungicides like copper, iprodione and cyprodinil/fludioxonil combination. With a qualitative detection of the hydrolysis activity by using screening methods based on solid medium with chitin or βD-glucosides as substrates, we found that many tested yeasts were capable of producing lytic enzymes with the ability to degrade the cell wall of phytopathogenic fungi and are potentially also able to produce VOCs via hydrolysis of grape glycosides as a result of β-glucosidase presence. Furthermore, we observed the capability of tested yeast to inhibit fungal mycelia growth on plate and assimilation of a wide variety of carbon sources; however, no siderophore producers were detected. In general, the yeasts under observation were tolerant to the tested fungicides. Their fungicide resistance can indeed be regarded as a beneficial trait for potential biofungicide agent (PBA) candidates due to open possibilities of applications and combinations within low input pest management strategies in the vineyard. Finally, a field experiment in Pinot noir and Pinot gris vineyards was designed to study different combinations of optimized canopy microclimate manipulation (CMM) techniques and potential biocontrol agent (PBA) application. In experimental conditions, the ability of PBA’s to maintain appropriate population density for disease prevention was observed. In addition, the grape and wine quality parameters were analysed to observe the possible impact of implemented biocontrol yeast on final products. The biocontrol yeast Pichia guilliermondii ZIM 624 was selected and applied in experimental vineyards based on yeast testing results. We were able to detect and confirm PBA yeast’s suitable density on grapes until harvest. In the case of early defoliation for both varieties lower grape compactness was observed together with lower yield/ plant, regardless of PBA yeast/ no yeast application. Among grape basic quality parameters, the optimized techniques showed a positive effect on sugar content. Still, unexpectedly, in the treatments with biocontrol yeasts some trends toward higher acidity were noticed in Pinot gris.
Ključne besede: sustainable viticulture, Botrytis cinerea, gray mould, yeasts, biocontrol, canopy microclimate manipulation, grapevine metabolite, dissertations
Objavljeno v RUNG: 07.07.2022; Ogledov: 1713; Prenosov: 132
.pdf Celotno besedilo (4,17 MB)
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2.
Facilitating green care improvements in viticulture
Melita Sternad Lemut, Lorena Butinar, Adesida Rowland, Urban Česnik, Tjaša Jug, Paolo Sivilotti, Urška Vrhovšek, 2019, objavljeni znanstveni prispevek na konferenci

Opis: The growing demand of consumers for environment-friendly and safe food products already forced many winemakers to restrict the application of synthetic fungicides to earlier season, trying to reduce the risk of residues being detected in wines. Main risk for infection by B. cinerea, however, occurs later in the season. To support an improvement in whole-season B. cinerea green care, the potential of yeasts as biocontrol agent (PBA) was studied. Selected yeasts were tested for their antifungal activities. Furthermore, a field experiment in Pinot noir and Pinot gris vineyards was designed to study different combinations of optimized canopy microclimate manipulation (CMM) techniques and PBA application. In experimental conditions, PBA's ability to maintain appropriate population density for disease prevention was observed. Grape and wine quality parameters were evaluated. Analytical approach of metabolomics was applied to upgrade the understanding of potentially induced changes in plant metabolism. Based on yeasts testing results, biocontrol yeast P. guilliermondii ZIM 624 was selected and after its field application, we were able to detect its suitable density on grapes until harvest. In case of early defoliation for both varieties smaller grape compactness was confirmed together with lower yield. Among grape basic quality parameters, optimized techniques showed positive effect on sugar content, but unexpectedly, in the treatments with biocontrol yeasts the trends toward higher acidity were noticed in Pinot gris. CMM and PBA introduction indicated some effects on grapevine biosynthetic behaviour but the differences in content of these metabolites compared to control were poorly detected in final wines with exception of mainly some flavonols, stilbenes and flavan-3-ols (and consequently total phenolic content).
Ključne besede: sustainable viticulture, Botrytis cinerea, yeasts, biocontrol, canopy microclimate manipulation, metabolomics, grapevine metabolites
Objavljeno v RUNG: 28.02.2020; Ogledov: 3677; Prenosov: 0
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3.
Prisotnost biokontrolne aktivnosti pri kvasovkah, osamljenih iz vinogradniškega okolja
Urban Česnik, 2019, magistrsko delo

Opis: Opravili smo dve hitri molekularni tehniki za identifikacijo enoloških kvasovk, ki so bile izolirane iz vinogradov z ekološko in intergrirano pridelavo grozdja. Najprej smo določili 15 Saccharomyces kvasovk s pomočjo analize multipleks PCR med zbranimi 131 izolati, nato smo s pomočjo ribotipizacije ITS določili približno 98 kvasovk do nivoja vrste, ki so bile potrjene tudi s sekvenciranjem regije ITS. Določili smo 16 vrst vinskih kvasovk: Hanseniaspora uvarum, H. valbyensis, H. opuntiae / H. uvarum, Lachancea thermotolerans, Candida tropicalis, Candida sp. / Starmerella sp., Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Pichia kudriavzevii, P. terricola, P. kluyveri, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Kodamaea ohmeri, S. bacillaris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saturnispora diversa in Torulaspora delbrueckii. Ugotovili smo, da so najdene kvasovke običajne naseljevalke grozdne mikroflore ter da je način pridelave grozdja vplival na pojavljanje določenih vrst v obravnavanih vinogradih. Nadalje smo testirali kvasovke na tvorbo sideroforov, tvorbo protiglivnih hlapnih organskih spojin (HOS), hidrolitično aktivnost in toleranco kvasovk na fungicide, kot so baker, iprodion, fluazinam ter kombinacijo ciprodinil / fludioksonil. Za kvalitativno detekcijo hidrolitične aktivnosti smo uporabili presejalne teste na osnovi trdnega gojišča z dodanim hitinom ali β-D-glukozidi kot substratom in ugotovili, da je veliko testiranih kvasovk sposobnih proizvajati litične encime, ki bi lahko bili odgovorni za razgradnjo celičnih sten fitopatogenih gliv in potencialno sposobni proizvajati HOS s hidrolizo grozdnih glikozidov zaradi prisotnosti β-glukozidaz. Prav tako smo opazili, da so te encimske aktivnosti običajno odvisne od seva. Na splošno so kvasovke tudi tolerantne na testirane fungicide. Ugotovili smo tudi, da je odpornost biofungicidnih kvasovk na fungicide koristna lastnost za razvoj biofungicidov v prihodnosti pri aplikacijah v strategijah z zmanjšanim vnosom pesticidov.
Ključne besede: Kvasovka, biološki nadzor, fitopatogen, Botrytis cinerea, vinogradništvo
Objavljeno v RUNG: 01.12.2019; Ogledov: 4311; Prenosov: 126
.pdf Celotno besedilo (1,57 MB)

4.
Study of yeast biodiversity potential in the development of biological control agents against phytopathogenic fungi in viticulture
Melita Sternad Lemut, Adesida Rowland, Urban Česnik, Lorena Butinar, 2017, objavljeni povzetek znanstvenega prispevka na konferenci

Opis: Despite public’s growing concerns for human health and environmental pollution, synthetic fungicides are still preferred and massively used for the protection of agricultural crop plants against fungal diseases. However, more and more research is focused on finding potential alternatives in the form of effective biological control agents. Although there are reports of yeast’s biocontrol activity, they are up to date poorly commercialized for such purposes. As the yeasts represent an important part of the grape microflora, competing with other microorganisms (including pathogens) for nutrients and space, we decided to examine the potential of autochthonous yeasts as "green" alternatives in fighting against phytopathogens such as Botrytis cinerea in viticulture. With this aim we tested biocontrol activity of various strains / species of indigenous wine yeasts that were isolated from the vineyard environment in Slovenia and cross-border Italy. The yeasts were tested for the presence of siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes (chitinase, β-glucosidase and β-glucanase) and sensitivity to fungicides (copper, iprodion, cyprodinil + fludioxonil combination). The tests of phytopathogenic fungi growth inhibition in the presence of antagonistic yeast were also performed. The double Petri dish test was used to verify the inhibition of conidia germination by the formation of antifungal volatile organic compounds (VOC), synthetized by the antagonistic yeasts. The presence of hydrolytic enzymes was confirmed in many wine yeasts, particularly in the strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum and Metschnikowia pulcherrima species and in some strains of the Pichia genus. Using a medium, based on natural diluted grape juice in a double Petri dish test, we found that yeasts of the Debaryomyces hansenii, Lachancea thermotolerans, P. kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, S. cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii species were able to inhibit the germination of fungal conidia at the expense of the VOC formation. However, none of the up to date tested yeasts formed siderophores. On the other hand, the yeasts were generally resistant to the tested fungicide concentrations, thus they could be used as potential biofungicides in the combination with chemical fungicides.
Ključne besede: yeasts, biocontrol, Botrytis cinerea, viticulture
Objavljeno v RUNG: 08.11.2017; Ogledov: 4446; Prenosov: 0
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