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Abstract: Obravnava naklonskih izrazov v slovenščini običajno zajema najbolj značilne naklonske glagole in izraze, ki izražajo naklonske pomene (ne)zmožnosti, obveznosti in dovoljenja, in sicer glagola morati in moči, naklonsko brezosebno zgradbo treba je, naklonski izraz lahko, glagol smeti, razgled po sodobnejši rabi slovenščine pa nakazuje tudi naklonsko rabo glagola rabiti v pomenu izražanja obveznosti. Manj pozornosti se namenja načinu izražanja naklonskosti, ki je bolj tipičen za neknjižno slovenščino: to je izražanje naklonskega pomena obveznosti z glagolom imeti, (1). (1) ... za ta dan so večinoma naredili, kar imajo narediti v jesenskih dneh, ... (Gigafida) Prispevek se zato osredotoča prav na naklonsko rabo glagola imeti, k temu pa dodajamo še bolj pogovorno različico izražanja naklonskosti z glagolom imeti, ki mu sledi predlog za, temu pa nedoločnik, (2). (2) Gredo pač domov, ko naredijo tisto, kar so imeli za narediti ta dan. (Gigafida) V prispevku predstavljamo in med seboj primerjamo oba načina izražanja naklonskih pomenov ter ponazarjamo skladenjske, pomenske in delno tudi pragmatične razlike rabe obeh struktur v okviru izražanja naklonskih pomenov. Na podlagi podatkov iz korpusa Gigafida v prispevku obravnavamo naklonske pomene z glagolom imeti v slovenščini s stališča jezikoslovne teorije, ki temelji na analizi modalnih pomenov v Nuyts (2014) in ki jo predstavljamo v prvem delu razprave. Naklonski pomeni so v omenjeni analizi razvrščeni v tri skupine: dinamično, deontično in epistemično naklonskost. Najožja opredelitev dinamične naklonskosti je, da gre za pripisovanje zmožnosti ali sposobnosti prvemu delovalniku (navadno vršilcu dejanja), da izvede dejanje ali uresniči stanje (Gomboc 2018). Deontično naklonskost lahko definiramo kot kazalnik stopnje sprejemljivosti zunajjezikovne situacije, ki jo navadno, vendar ne nujno vedno, izraža tvorec besedila (prav tam). Izražanje epistemične naklonskosti pa je prisotno takrat, ko tvorec ocenjuje možnost, da se bo ubesedeno dejanje uresničilo v dejanskosti (prav tam). Podatki kažejo, da izražanje z glagolom imeti v slovenščini lahko izraža vse tri tipe naklonskosti. Ob tem ugotavljamo, da se izražanje naklonskih pomenov z glagolom imeti z nedoločnikom v slovenščini rabi izključno z glagoli v dovršni obliki, (3) in (4), medtem ko se v zgradbi s predlogom za uporabljata tako nedoločnik v dovršni kot nedovršni obliki, (5) in (6). (3) To ti imam povedati. (4) ??Z njim se imam pogovoriti. (5) Za danes sem opravila vse, kar sem imela za opraviti. (6) »Veliko imam za delati,« mi je ves čas razlagal in me prosil za razumevanje. Prispevek prinaša spoznanja o doslej slabo opisanem načinu izražanja naklonskosti z glagolom imeti v slovenščini. Namen prispevka je predstaviti skladenjske, pomenske in delno tudi pragmatične značilnosti rabe obeh struktur z glagolom imeti v okviru izražanja naklonskih pomenov.
Keywords: naklonskost, dinamična naklonskost, deontična naklonskost, epistemična naklonskost, imeti
Published in RUNG: 12.10.2021; Views: 1843; Downloads: 82
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Abstract: The article is dedicated to the publications of Ljubomir Micić and Branko Ve Poljanski in Maska, the Ljubljana performing arts journal from 1920. While with his engagement in Maska Micić primarily wanted to present himself as a writer outside Zagreb (first, he published in Maska a review of the play Anfisa, and then his own play Istočni Greh was reviewed), Poljanski used his engagement in Maska for a polemic with Ljubljana critics, to later continue his critical response to Ljubljana’s artistic milieu in his journal Svetokret, as well as in Zenit. Moreover, one of Poljanski’s main motives for publishing an independent journal in Ljubljana was the continuation of the polemic he had started in Maska. Therefore, this article presents the assumption that for a complete genealogy of the beginnings of cooperation between Slovenian avantgarde and representatives of Yugoslav zenithism, it is necessary to take into account Maska, although it was not considered a revolutionary or avant-garde journal. Yet, its aspiration to become international and its openness to different languages and polemics contributed to the exchange of opinions about art and criticism of the time, which was a fruitful ground for the development of relations between various representatives of the Yugoslav avant-garde and their independent actions.
Keywords: revija Maska, jugoslovanska avantgarda, Branko Ve Poljanski, Ljubomir Micić
Published in RUNG: 11.10.2021; Views: 1809; Downloads: 43
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Abstract: Kraków is routinely affected by very high air pollution levels, especially during the winter months. Although a lot of effort has been made to characterize ambient aerosol, there is a lack of online and long-term measurements of non-refractory aerosol. Our measurements at the AGH University of Science and Technology provide the online long-term chemical composition of ambient submicron particulate matter (PM1) between January 2018 and April 2019. Here we report the chemical characterization of non-refractory submicron aerosol and source apportionment of the organic fraction by positive matrix factorization (PMF). In contrast to other long-term source apportionment studies, we let a small PMF window roll over the dataset instead of performing PMF over the full dataset or on separate seasons. In this way, the seasonal variation in the source profiles can be captured. The uncertainties in the PMF solutions are addressed by the bootstrap resampling strategy and the random a-value approach for constrained factors. We observe clear seasonal patterns in the concentration and composition of PM1, with high concentrations during the winter months and lower concentrations during the summer months. Organics are the dominant species throughout the campaign. Five organic aerosol (OA) factors are resolved, of which three are of a primary nature (hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and coal combustion OA (CCOA)) and two are of a secondary nature (more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA) and less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA)). While HOA contributes on average 8.6 % ± 2.3 % throughout the campaign, the solid-fuel-combustion-related BBOA and CCOA show a clear seasonal trend with average contributions of 10.4 % ± 2.7 % and 14.1 %, ±2.1 %, respectively. Not only BBOA but also CCOA is associated with residential heating because of the pronounced yearly cycle where the highest contributions are observed during wintertime. Throughout the campaign, the OOA can be separated into MO-OOA and LO-OOA with average contributions of 38.4 % ± 8.4 % and 28.5 % ± 11.2 %, respectively.
Keywords: air pollution, PM1, organic aerosol, black carbon, source apportionment, PMF
Published in RUNG: 08.10.2021; Views: 1943; Downloads: 0
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Published in RUNG: 05.10.2021; Views: 1391; Downloads: 0
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Keywords: kibernetska umetnost, Senster
Published in RUNG: 05.10.2021; Views: 1643; Downloads: 8
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