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Title:Mikroplastika v kraških ekosistemih in njen vpliv na kakovost pitne vode
Authors:ID Valentić, Lara (Author)
ID Pipan, Tanja (Mentor) More about this mentor... New window
ID Bajt, Oliver (Mentor) More about this mentor... New window
Files:.pdf Lara_Valentic.pdf (7,71 MB)
MD5: 4AD7F460A53F0A9611B45DD476C42453
 
Language:Slovenian
Work type:Doctoral dissertation
Typology:2.08 - Doctoral Dissertation
Organization:FPŠ - Graduate School
Abstract:Namen doktorske disertacije je bil opredeliti mikroplastiko (MP) ter izboljšati razumevanje o onesnaženju z MP v kraških ekosistemih in njenem vplivu na kakovost pitne vode, saj je to področje raziskav še v povojih. Obenem je bil namen doktorske disertacije določiti vire onesnaženja z MP in določiti transportne poti onesnaženja v kraških ekosistemih, da bi se preprečilo ali zmanjšalo onesnaževanje okolja, saj so kraški vodonosniki v sušnih območjih pogosto edini in najpomembnejši viri pitne vode za lokalno prebivalstvo. Izbrane so bile različne lokacije vzorčenja, s čimer smo zagotovili širok pregled nad različnimi ekosistemi (zrak, voda, deževnica in sediment). Izbrana sta bila dva od najpomembnejših kraških izvirov (Malni in Rižana, ki skupaj zagotavljata pitno vodo za celotno obalo z zaledjem in za več kot 20.000 lokalnih prebivalcev v občinah Postojna in Pivka). Nadalje so bila izbrana tri vzorčna mesta v Alpah kot referenčne točke z najbolj neokrnjenim okoljem v Sloveniji (Bohinjsko jezero, Blejsko jezero in ob Domu na Komni) ter v Lescah kot referenčni točki najbolj onesnažene lokacije, ki je hkrati tudi najbližje proučevanemu kraškemu ekosistemu. V okviru doktorske naloge so bile uporabljene različne metode vzorčenja, saj smo poskušali določiti protokol, ki je najboljši za posamezno kraško okolje. Tako so bili izviri in jezera vzorčeni z vzorčevalno mrežo, sedimenti so bili vzorčeni z uporabo sedimentnega stratigrafskega vzorčevalnika Uwitec, vzorčenje zraka je bilo izvedeno z uporabo sekvenčnega vzorčevalnika prahu Giano PMx, deževnica pa je bila vzorčena z 20-litrsko steklenico in lijem iz nerjavnega jekla. Vsi vzorci so bili filtrirani s steklenimi filtri, pregledani pod stereomikroskopom za določitev potencialnih MP-delcev in analizirani z mikroskopom Lumos II FTIR-ATR za določitev plastičnih polimerov. Kasneje smo uporabo posamezne metode vzorčenja in analize kritično ocenili. Pri vzorcih, ki so bili vzeti na izviru Malni, so rezultati pokazali, da je najvišja koncentracija MP v prvem vodnem pulzu po daljšem sušnem obdobju, medtem ko za Rižano iz dobljenih rezultatov ne moremo razbrati trendov transporta MP. Pri vzorcih deževnice in zraka je bilo pričakovano, da bodo imeli vzorci iz Lesc najvišje koncentracije MP-delcev zaradi bližine glavnih prometnih povezav: avtoceste proti Salzburgu (Avstrija) in Nemčiji, glavne železniške povezave in manjšega športnega letališča. Izkazalo se je, da so bile najvišje vrednosti MP v vzorcih deževnice na Komni, medtem ko so vsi vzorci zraka imeli zelo majhne količine MP-delcev. Vzorci sedimenta so bili odvzeti samo v Bohinjskem in Blejskem jezeru in niso vsebovali večjih količin MP-delcev, kar bi lahko bil vpliv hitrega transporta MP-delcev z vodnimi tokovi, zaradi česar delci nimajo časa za posedanje. Prav tako se celotna masa vode v obeh jezerih razmeroma hitro zamenja – v Bohinjskem jezeru se celotni volumen vode zamenja trikrat na leto, medtem ko se v Blejskem jezeru volumen vode zamenja vsako leto in pol. V splošnem je bilo mogoče sklepati na dva vira onesnaženja z MP: plastični čolni in kajaki lokalnih prebivalcev in turistov na obeh jezerih ter oblačila pomembno prispevajo k onesnaženju. To smo določili na podlagi najdenih plastičnih polimerov (v obeh jezerih) in na podlagi oblike delcev (največkrat smo našli različno debela vlakna in nitke). V vzorcih smo sicer našli veliko delcev, vendar je bila le majhna količina identificirana kot vir plastike, kar je tudi ena od ugank v tej raziskavi. Pripravili smo tudi konceptualni model za boljše razumevanje transportnih poti MP v kraškem okolju. V modelu smo združili rezultate iz doktorske disertacije in raziskave Valentić (2018). Še vedno je veliko neznank, vendar lahko z gotovostjo trdimo, da so viri onesnaženja zelo pomembni. Najvišje koncentracije MP so bile najdene v vodi iz ponvic turističnih jam in v deževnici na Komni. Koncentracije so visoke tudi v vzorcih sedimenta iz turističnih delov jam in iz alpskih jezer.
Keywords:mikroplastika (MP), Slovenija, alpski kras, dinarski kras, kraški vodonosnik, alpska jezera, izviri, deževnica, zrak, sedimenti, konceptualni model
Place of publishing:Nova Gorica
Year of publishing:2023
PID:20.500.12556/RUNG-8340 New window
COBISS.SI-ID:163091459 New window
NUK URN:URN:SI:UNG:REP:WDKEOEIH
Publication date in RUNG:14.09.2023
Views:877
Downloads:30
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Licences

License:CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Link:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Description:The most restrictive Creative Commons license. This only allows people to download and share the work for no commercial gain and for no other purposes.
Licensing start date:13.08.2023

Secondary language

Language:English
Title:Microplastics in karst ecosystems and its impact on drinking water quality
Abstract:The aim of the present study is to characterise and improve our understanding of microplastic (MP) pollution in karst ecosystems and its impact on drinking water quality since the research topic is still in its infancy. Furthermore, the aim of this doctoral dissertation was to determine MP pollution sources in vulnerable karst environments and to determine its transport routes in this environment to hopefully either prevent or greatly reduce further pollution with MP. This is an important goal as in many arid regions karst aquifers are the most important sources of drinking water for the local population, as is also the case in this study. There were different sampling locations chosen in order to gain a comprehensive overview of different media (air, water, rainfall and sediment): the two most important karst springs (Malni and Rižana – together they are sources of drinking water for the entire Slovenian coast and for more than 20,000 local inhabitants in the municipalities of Postojna and Pivka), three sampling locations in the Alpine karst as the reference locations for the most pristine environment in Slovenia (Lake Bled, Lake Bohinj and next to the Komna mountain hut) and a sampling location in the town of Lesce as a reference location for the most polluted site that is also the closest to the studied Alpine karst environment. Different sampling methods were used in this study as we tried to define a sampling protocol for different media in a karst environment – springs and lakes were sampled with a sampling net, sediments from lakes were sampled with a Uwitec sediment corer, air samples were taken with a Giano PMx sequential sampler and rainfall samples were taken with a 20 L glass bottle and stainless-steel funnel. All samples were first filtered over glass fibre filters, checked under a stereomicroscope to determine potential MP particles and analysed with a Lumos II FTIR-ATR microscope to determine MP polymers. We also critically evaluated each sampling method and analysing method. In Malni Spring, the highest MP concentration was found in the first (water) flush after a longer period of drought, while for Rižana we do not have enough data to see any pattern. The rainfall and air samples were expected to be the most polluted at the Lesce sampling site due to the main motorway, railway and a local smaller airport, but the results showed that the most polluted rainfall samples were found next to the mountain hut on Komna. The air samples (over all sampling sites) did not contain many MP particles. Sediment samples were taken only in Lake Bohinj and Lake Bled. The sediment samples did not contain many identified MP particles, which could be due to the fast water currents – MP particles are flushed out of the lakes and do not have time to settle. The lakes also undergo overturn rather rapidly – three times in a year in Lake Bohinj and every year and a half in Lake Bled. Overall, some possible MP pollution sources are plastic boats and kayaks on both lakes (based on the polymers) and clothing (from visitors and households, based on the shape). In general, we found a lot of particles in samples, but only a small amount was identified as plastic, which is also one of the puzzles in this research. A conceptual model was created to help us understand the transport routes of MP pollution in a karst environment. In the model, we combined the results from the dissertation and a study done by Valentić (2018). There are still too many unknown parts with insufficient datasets to confidently determine MP transport and its dynamics, but it is shown that pollution sources have an important impact on the quantity of MP particles found in a karst environment – the highest concentrations of MP particles were in touristic parts of caves (rimstone pools) and in rainfall samples from Komna. The MP concentrations are also relatively high in the sediment samples from touristic caves and sublpine lakes.
Keywords:microplastic (MP), Slovenia, Alpine karst, Dinaric karst, karst aquifer, subalpine lakes, karst springs, rainfall, air, sediments, conceptual model


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