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1.
Characterization of atmospheric properties over the Cherenkov Telescope Array at La Palma
Miha Živec, doctoral dissertation

Abstract: Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope (IACT) systems are used in high-energy astrophysics to detect and study gamma-ray sources in the universe. These telescopes measure properties of cosmic gamma rays using Cherenkov radiation emitted by secondary particles produced after interacting with the Earth’s atmosphere. Atmospheric monitoring is crucial for the proper operation of IACT systems. A number of remote sensing and in situ methods are used to understand and correct the effects of the atmosphere on the propagation of Cherenkov radiation from its origin to the telescope. Failure to do so greatly decreases IACT performance, particularly, their energy resolution and threshold. Lidar systems can be used to measure atmospheric optical depth profiles, which are essential for IACT calibration. The main aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that a prototype lidar for the north-ern site of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), which is a next-generation IACT now under construction, has hardware and software capabilities that would lead to the construction of CTAO Raman lidar. Due to specific require-ments of the CTAO, a Raman lidar, which can provide better atmospheric parameter accuracy, will be used for the first time in an IACT system. In 2021-2022 the BRL was deployed to the future CTAO-North site at the Roque de los Muchachos observatory, La Palma, for testing in its actual operating conditions. During a year and a half long test period, it underwent a number of tests, including manual and remote operation under various environmental conditions. These included hot summers, cold winters, rain, snow, ice, and strong winds, but also some more exotic events, such as desert sand intrusions (Calima) and volcanic eruptions. The latter two are presented in this work as test cases for atmospheric characterization. Since the main goal of a CTAO lidar is the optical depth measurements, the BRL does not have the full set of features for aerosol characterization. While it can yield the ˚Angstr¨om exponent and lidar ratio, it does not provide depolarization informa-tion, which is one of the key components for aerosol typing. As the atmosphere at La Palma was found to be more complex than initially anticipated, we present the benefits of including depolarization capability by using a conceptually similar Raman lidar system specifically designed for aerosol characterization. We present the results of a campaign focused on the determination of bioaerosol capabilities to act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice-nucleating particles in mixed-phase clouds, where depo-larization information was used to determine the thermodynamic phase of the cloud.
Keywords: Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, Raman Lidar, atmospheric optical depth, aerosol characterization, Cumbre Vieja, Calima
Published in RUNG: 23.10.2023; Views: 588; Downloads: 21
.pdf Full text (26,88 MB)

2.
Order fluctuation induced tunable light emission from carbon nano system
Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, Sankararaman S, 2019, original scientific article

Abstract: The paper reports the thermal-induced order fuctuations, in a carbon nanosystem with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesized by the incomplete combustion of gingelly oil. The sample annealed at diferent temperatures (30–400 °C) is subjected to various morphological and spectroscopic characterizations. The ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analyses reveal the CNTs in the sample. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) also confrms the formation of CNTs in the sample. The Raman spectrum and X-ray difraction pattern show the signature of multi-walled to single-walled CNT transformation and thus an order fuctuation on annealing. The quantum yield of the sample, measured by integrating sphere method, yields 46.15% at an emission wavelength of 575 nm. When the excitation wavelength is varied from 350 to 510 nm, the CIE coordinate moves from the white region to the yellowish-green region. The varying amount of CNTs in the soot, upon annealing is found to vary the luminescence emission from the sample. The study reveals the thermal-induced oscillatory order in carbon nanosystem with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) leading to tunable excitation/ thermal-dependent luminescence emission and thereby suggesting the possibility of converting the futile soot for fruitful applications in photonics and nanoelectronics.
Keywords: Carbon nanosystem, Single-walled carbon nanotubes, Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, CIE plot, Quantum yield, gingelly oil
Published in RUNG: 05.07.2022; Views: 1146; Downloads: 0
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3.
Particulate Exhaust Analysis from Internal Combustion Engines
Mohanachandran Nair Sindhu Swapna, 2017, short scientific article

Abstract: Today the world is worried over the particulate emission from various forms of internal combustion engines. The present work is an attempt to understand the constituents of the particulate emission and its possible use. The particulate exhaust matter containing carbonaceous soot produced from the combustion of fuel containing hydrocarbons shows the presence of significant amount of carbon Nanomaterials. Hydrocarbons are the most widespread precursors among carbon sources employed in the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanoparticles (CNPs). Carbon nanotubes find application in fuel cells providing improved performance. The soot particles collected from the internal combustion diesel engines are cleaned, powdered and analyzed by various techniques. The CNPs are characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X ray diffraction (EDS), Raman Spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Power spectrum and CIE plot. X Ray Diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analysis show the presence of carbon nanotubes in the amorphous materials.
Keywords: HydrocarbonsL Carbon nanotubes, Diesel engines, CIE plot, EDX, Raman spectroscopy
Published in RUNG: 30.06.2022; Views: 1032; Downloads: 0
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4.
Characterization of electrochemical processes in metal-organic batteries by X-ray Raman spectroscopy
Ava Rajh, Iztok Arčon, Klemen Bučar, Matjaž Žitnik, Marko Petric, Alen Vižintin, Jan Bitenc, Urban Košir, Robert Dominko, Hlynur Gretarsson, Martin Sundermann, Matjaž Kavčič, 2022, original scientific article

Abstract: X-ray Raman spectroscopy (XRS) is an emerging spectroscopic technique that utilizes inelastic scattering of hard Xrays to study X-ray absorption edges of low Z elements in bulk material. It was used to identify and quantify the amount of carbonyl bonds in a cathode sample, in order to track the redox reaction inside metal−organic batteries during the charge/ discharge cycle. XRS was used to record the oxygen K-edge absorption spectra of organic polymer cathodes from different multivalent metal−organic batteries. The amount of carbonyl bond in each sample was determined by modeling the oxygen K-edge XRS spectra with the linear combination of two reference compounds that mimicked the fully charged and the fully discharged phases of the battery. To interpret experimental XRS spectra, theoretical calculations of oxygen K-edge absorption spectra based on density functional theory were performed. Overall, a good agreement between the amount of carbonyl bond present during different stages of battery cycle, calculated from linear combination of standards, and the amount obtained from electrochemical characterization based on measured capacity was achieved. The electrochemical mechanism in all studied batteries was confirmed to be a reduction of double carbonyl bond and the intermediate anion was identified with the help of theoretical calculations. X-ray Raman spectroscopy of the oxygen K-edge was shown to be a viable characterization technique for accurate tracking of the redox reaction inside metal−organic batteries.
Keywords: X-ray Raman spectroscopy, meta-organic batteries, oxygen K-edge XANES, electrochemical processes
Published in RUNG: 24.03.2022; Views: 1595; Downloads: 20
URL Link to full text
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5.
Two-wavelength polarization Raman lidar : Operating manual - v1.0
Miha Živec, Longlong Wang, treatise, preliminary study, study

Abstract: This document presents the configurations, operation, calibration procedures and maintenance instructions for the users of Raman lidar.
Keywords: Raman lidar, remote sensing, operating manual
Published in RUNG: 21.05.2020; Views: 3057; Downloads: 0
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6.
v-P[sub]2O[sub]5 "micro-clusters" in P-doped silica studied by a first principles Raman investigation
Luigi Giacomazzi, Layla Martin-Samos, Matjaž Valant, Nicolas Richard, 2019, published scientific conference contribution abstract

Keywords: r-POHC, silica, Raman, first-principles
Published in RUNG: 19.12.2019; Views: 3084; Downloads: 0
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7.
Vibrational and structural properties of P2O5 glass: advances from a combined modeling approach
Nikita Shcheblanov, Luigi Giacomazzi, 2019, original scientific article

Keywords: P2O5, phosphate glasses, Raman, first-principles, DFT
Published in RUNG: 29.10.2019; Views: 2929; Downloads: 0
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8.
Raman LIDARs and atmospheric calibration along the line-of-sight of the Cherenkov Telescope Array
Samo Stanič, Longlong Wang, Marko Zavrtanik, 2019, published scientific conference contribution

Abstract: The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is the next generation ground-based observatory for gamma-ray astronomy at very-high energies. Employing more than 100 (north and south sites) Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes in the northern and southern hemispheres, it was designed to reach unprecedented sensitivity and energy resolution. Understanding and correcting for systematic biases on the absolute energy scale and instrument response functions will be a cru- cial issue for the performance of CTA. The Montpellier group and the Spanish/Italian/Slovenian collaboration are currently building two Raman LIDAR prototypes for the online atmospheric cal- ibration along the line-of-sight of the CTA. Requirements for such a solution include the ability to characterize aerosol extinction at two wavelengths to distances up to 30 km with an accuracy better than 5%, within exposure time scales of about a minute, steering capabilities and close interaction with the CTA array control and data acquisition system as well as other auxiliary in- struments. Our Raman LIDARs have design features that make them different from those used in atmospheric science and are characterized by large collecting mirrors (∼2.5 m 2 ), liquid light- guides that collect the light at the focal plane and transport it to the readout system, reduced acquisition time and highly precise Raman spectrometers. The Raman LIDARs will participate in a cross-calibration and characterization campaign of the atmosphere at the CTA North site at La Palma, together with other site characterization instruments. After a one-year test period there, an in-depth evaluation of the solutions adopted by the two projects will lead to a final Raman LIDAR design proposal for both CTA sites.
Keywords: Raman lidar atmospheric calibration Cherenkov Telescope Array
Published in RUNG: 29.08.2019; Views: 3318; Downloads: 102
.pdf Full text (1,29 MB)

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