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Abstract: Understanding the epidemiology of Flavescence dorée (FD), a devastating grapevine disease caused by the phytoplasma (FDp), is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the host plants and vectors of FDp. Key methods included a review of existing literature and analysis of genetic data to identify potential transmission pathways. The results revealed that FDp infects a wide range of plant species beyond grapevines, complicating control measures. While the leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus is the primary vector, several occasional vectors such as Orientus ishidae, Dictyophara europaea, Phlogotettix cyclops etc. also play roles in transmission. The study identified 22 map genotypes of the 16SrV phytoplasma, categorized into three main clusters (Map-FD1, Map-FD2, and Map-FD3), which are primarily associated with S. titanus and grapevine. The research emphasizes the importance of ongoing studies to further understand the geographic distribution and genotypic variability of FDp, which is crucial for refining control strategies and ensuring their success. Enhanced knowledge of FDp genotypes and their interactions with different vectors and host plants will help in improving targeted and effective disease management interventions.
Keywords: Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, grapevine, vectors, host plants, genetic diversity
Published in RUNG: 19.08.2024; Views: 387; Downloads: 0
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Keywords: karst, sulfidic spring, geochemical gradient, ecotone, microbial diversity, conservation
Published in RUNG: 10.12.2021; Views: 2557; Downloads: 38
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Abstract: Environmental conditions and human activities influence the ubiquity and diversity of microorganisms in the atmosphere thereby acquiring the ability to resist antibiotics which poses serious public threat. Airborne bacteria and fungi isolated using settling plate method from three different points (where kolanuts, meat and onions are sold) at Owena Market, Osun state, Nigeria were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility using disc diffusion. The microorganisms were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus megaterium, Alcaligenes spp., Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mortierella polycephala, Epicoccum nigrum, Alternaria spp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus, Acremonium spp., Penicillium oxalicum, Cladosporium cladosporiodes, Rhizopus stolonifer, Stemphylium spp., and Trichoderma spp. About 30% of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibacterial agents (antibiotics) and all the bacterial isolates were resistant to at least four or more antibiotics while 18% and 64% of the fungi isolated were susceptible to griseofulvin and ketoconazole, respectively. This study shows that the market environment serves as reservoirs for multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and fungi capable of causing infectious diseases.
Keywords: Airborne microbes, air monitoring, diversity, human activities, multidrug resistance
Published in RUNG: 14.01.2021; Views: 2809; Downloads: 0
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Abstract: Macrophytes have a pivotal role as point of interaction between many of the organisms, and the water and sediment chemistry in a freshwater system. Despite their low floristic diversity, reeds beds can support a wide range of wildlife, and provide a variety of functions for the wetland ecosystems. Recent studies show the existence of a threshold effect of alien plant cover or density on plant communities dominated by P. australis, whereby more increased the alien plant impact is, more reduced may be the native plant species diversity. However, many of these studies were based on taxonomical or traits information, whereas no investigations have considered the phylogenetic dimension so far. This study aims to investigate the incidence of alien species on the phylogenetic diversity of wetland vegetation dominated by P. australis. To do this, we investigated the floristic composition of a total of 98 natural reeds beds from Tuscany, Umbria, and Lazio, analysing separately lentic and lotic communities. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of the plant species and compared the differences in taxonomic/functional/phylogenetic diversity, evaluating the role of the incidence of the alien species. The results showed that the relative abundance of exotic plant species is positively related to the taxonomic diversity of the common reeds communities and doesn’t affect the phylogenetic diversity. Probably, the human impact promoted the entrance of the exotic species already represented at evolutionary level. Also, the presence of exotic species influenced functional diversity, especially it promoted the adaptive strategies ruderals of the communities.
Keywords: Phylogeny, Phragmites australis, wetlands, exotic species, taxonomic diversity, functional diversity
Published in RUNG: 22.12.2020; Views: 2630; Downloads: 0
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Keywords: World, wine Style, Australia, wine industry, history, diversity
Published in RUNG: 18.09.2018; Views: 4059; Downloads: 21
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