1. Lens mass estimate in the galactic disk extreme parallax microlensing event Gaia19dkeM. Maskoliunas, Łukasz Wyrzykowski, K. Howil, P. J. Mikołajczyk, P. Zieliński, Z. Kaczmarek, K. Kruszyńska, M. Jabłońska, J. Zdanavičius, Mateusz Bronikowski, 2024, original scientific article Abstract: We present the results of our analysis of Gaia19dke, an extraordinary microlensing event in the Cygnus constellation that the Gaia satellite discovered. This event featured a strong microlensing parallax effect, resulting in multiple light curve peaks. We conducted extensive photometric, spectroscopic, and high-resolution imaging follow-up observations to determine the mass and nature of the invisible lensing object. Using the Milky Way priors on the density and proper motion of lenses, we found that the lens is likely to be located at a distance of DL=3.3(+2.1, -1.7) kpc, and has a mass of ML=0.50(+0.82, -0.27) M☉. Based on its low luminosity and mass, we propose that the lens in the Gaia19dke event is either a main sequence star or an isolated white dwarf. Due to its brightness, longevity, and lack of blending, Gaia19dke is a target for which the forthcoming Gaia Data Release 4 data will help to constrain the parameters of the lens.
Keywords: gravitational lensing, micro stars, fundamental parameters, white dwarfs, astrophysics, solar astrophysics, stellar astrophysics, astrophysics of galaxies, instrumentation for astrophysics, methods for astrophysics
Published in RUNG: 13.01.2025; Views: 201; Downloads: 1
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2. Lens parameters for Gaia18cbf – a long gravitational microlensing event in the Galactic planeK. Kruszyńska, Ł. Wyrzykowski, K. A. Rybicki, M. Maskoliūnas, E. Bachelet, N. Rattenbury, P. Mróz, P. Zieliński, K. Howil, Z. Kaczmarek, S. T. Hodgkin, N. Ihanec, I. Gezer, M. Gromadzki, P. Mikołajczyk, A. Stankevičiūtė, V. Čepas, E. Pakštienė, K. Šiškauskaitė, J. Zdanavičius, V. Bozza, M. Dominik, R. Figuera Jaimes, A. Fukui, M. Hundertmark, N. Narita, R. Street, Y. Tsapras, Mateusz Bronikowski, M. Jabłońska, A. Jabłonowska, O. Ziółkowska, 2022, original scientific article Abstract: Context. The timescale of a microlensing event scales as a square root of a lens mass. Therefore, long-lasting events are important candidates for massive lenses, including black holes.
Aims. Here, we present the analysis of the Gaia18cbf microlensing event reported by the Gaia Science Alerts system. It exhibited a long timescale and features that are common for the annual microlensing parallax effect. We deduce the parameters of the lens based on the derived best fitting model.
Methods. We used photometric data collected by the Gaia satellite as well as the follow-up data gathered by the ground-based observatories. We investigated the range of microlensing models and used them to derive the most probable mass and distance to the lens using a Galactic model as a prior. Using a known mass-brightness relation, we determined how likely it is that the lens is a main-sequence (MS) star.
Results. This event is one of the longest ever detected, with the Einstein timescale of tE = 491.41−84.94+128.31 days for the best solution and tE = 453.74−105.74+178.69 days for the second best. Assuming Galaxy priors, this translates to the most probable lens masses of ML = 2.65−1.48+5.09 M⊙ and ML = 1.71−1.06+3.78 M⊙, respectively. The limits on the blended light suggest that this event was most likely not caused by a MS star, but rather by a dark remnant of stellar evolution.
Keywords: gravitational lensing: micro, Galaxy: stellar content, stars: black holes, stars: neutron, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Published in RUNG: 13.11.2023; Views: 1831; Downloads: 7
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3. Cluster-lensed supernovae with the Roman Space Telescope and Vera Rubin observatoryMateusz Bronikowski, Tanja Petrushevska, Justin Pierel, 2022, published scientific conference contribution abstract Abstract: I will present our current efforts to enable the use of strongly lensed supernovae behind galaxy clusters as powerful tools to tackle several open questions in astrophysics and cosmology. As a preparatory task, we are collecting all available gravitational telescopes into a database, and estimating the properties of all reported multiply-imaged galaxies behind clusters. We are building a tool that will enable accurate estimates of cluster-lensed supernova yields for a given survey. In addition, we are developing the methods to extract the cosmological parameters from cluster-lensed supernovae in the Rubin and Roman data.
Keywords: supernova, gravitational lensing, Vera Rubin Observatory, Roman Space telescope, LSST, Hubble constant
Published in RUNG: 09.11.2022; Views: 2127; Downloads: 8
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4. Strongly Lensed Supernovae in Well-Studied Galaxy Clusters with the Vera C. Rubin ObservatoryTanja Petrushevska, 2020, original scientific article Abstract: Strong lensing by galaxy clusters can be used to significantly expand the survey reach, thus allowing observation of magnified high-redshift supernovae that otherwise would remain undetected. Strong lensing can also provide multiple images of the galaxies that lie behind the clusters. Detection of strongly lensed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is especially useful because of their standardizable brightness, as they can be used to improve either cluster lensing models or independent measurements of cosmological parameters. The cosmological parameter, the Hubble constant, is of particular interest given the discrepancy regarding its value from measurements with different approaches. Here, we explore the feasibility of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) of detecting strongly lensed SNe in the field of five galaxy clusters (Abell 1689 and Hubble Frontier Fields clusters) that have well-studied lensing models. Considering the 88 systems composed of 268 individual multiple images in the five cluster fields, we find that the LSST will be sensitive to SNe Ia (SNe IIP) exploding in 41 (23) galaxy images. The range of redshift of these galaxies is between 1.01 < z < 3.05. During its 10 years of operation, LSST is expected to detect 0.2 ± 0.1 SN Ia and 0.9 ± 0.3 core collapse SNe. However, as LSST will observe many more massive galaxy clusters, it is likely that the expectations are higher. We stress the importance of having an additional observing program for photometric and spectroscopic follow-up of the strongly lensed SNe detected by LSST.
Keywords: supernovae, strong gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters
Published in RUNG: 28.11.2020; Views: 3530; Downloads: 98
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5. Searching for supernovae in the multiply-imaged galaxies behind the gravitational telescope A370Tanja Petrushevska, Ariel Goobar, D. J. Lagattuta, R. Amanullah, Laura Hangard, S. Fabbro, C. Lindman, K. Paech, J. Richard, J.P. Kneib, 2017, original scientific article Abstract: Aims. Strong lensing by massive galaxy clusters can provide magnification of the flux and even multiple images of the galaxies that lie behind them. This phenomenon facilitates observations of high-redshift supernovae (SNe) that would otherwise remain undetected. Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) detections are of particular interest because of their standard brightness, since they can be used to improve either cluster lensing models or cosmological parameter measurements.
Methods. We present a ground-based, near-infrared search for lensed SNe behind the galaxy cluster Abell 370. Our survey was based on 15 epochs of J-band observations with the HAWK-I instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We use Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry to infer the global properties of the multiply-imaged galaxies. Using a recently published lensing model of Abell 370, we also present the predicted magnifications and time delays between the images.
Results. In our survey, we did not discover any live SNe from the 13 lensed galaxies with 47 multiple images behind Abell 370. This is consistent with the expectation of 0.09 ± 0.02 SNe calculated based on the measured star formation rate. We compare the expectations of discovering strongly lensed SNe in our survey and that performed with HST during the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) programme. We also show the expectations of search campaigns that can be conducted with future facilities, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) or the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). We show that the NIRCam instrument aboard the JWST will be sensitive to most SN multiple images in the strongly lensed galaxies and thus will be able to measure their time delays if observations are scheduled accordingly.
Keywords: gravitational lensing: strong / supernovae: general / galaxies: clusters: individual: A 370
Published in RUNG: 28.06.2018; Views: 4699; Downloads: 179
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6. High-redshift supernova rates measured with the gravitational telescope A1689Tanja Petrushevska, 2016, published scientific conference contribution abstract Abstract: Aims. We present a ground-based, near-infrared search for lensed supernovae behind the massive cluster Abell 1689 at z = 0.18, which is one of the most powerful gravitational telescopes that nature provides.
Methods. Our survey was based on multi-epoch J-band observations with the HAWK-I instrument on VLT, with supporting optical data from the Nordic Optical Telescope.
Results. Our search resulted in the discovery of five photometrically classified, core-collapse supernovae with high redshifts of
0.671 < z < 1.703 and magnifications in the range ∆m = −0.31 to −1.58 mag, as calculated from lensing models in the literature.
Owing to the power of the lensing cluster, the survey had the sensitivity to detect supernovae up to very high redshifts, z ∼ 3,
albeit for a limited region of space. We present a study of the core-collapse supernova rates for 0.4 ≤ z < 2.9, and find good
agreement with previous estimates and predictions from star formation history. During our survey, we also discovered two Type Ia
supernovae in A 1689 cluster members, which allowed us to determine the cluster Ia rate to be 0.14+0.19 ± 0.01 SNuB h2 (SNuB ≡ −0.09
10−12 SNe L−1 yr−1 ), where the error bars indicate 1σ confidence intervals, statistical and systematic, respectively. The cluster rate ⊙,B
normalized by the stellar mass is 0.10+0.13 ± 0.02 in SNuM h2 (SNuM ≡ 10−12 SNe M−1 yr−1). Furthermore, we explore the optimal −0.06 ⊙
future survey for improving the core-collapse supernova rate measurements at z 2 using gravitational telescopes, and for detections with multiply lensed images, and we find that the planned WFIRST space mission has excellent prospects.
Conclusions. Massive clusters can be used as gravitational telescopes to significantly expand the survey range of supernova searches, with important implications for the study of the high-z transient Universe.
Keywords: supernova, gravitational telescope, galaxy clusters, Abell 1689, strong lensing
Published in RUNG: 26.01.2018; Views: 4430; Downloads: 0
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7. Supernovae seen through gravitational telescopesTanja Petrushevska, 2017, doctoral dissertation Abstract: Gravitational lenses such as galaxies and galaxy clusters, can magnify the flux of background galaxies. These galaxies at high redshift can host supernovae (SNe) which, thanks to the magnification boost due to lensing, can be observed, otherwise too faint to be detected by current telescopes. Under the right circumstances, the background galaxies may also have multiple images due to the strong lensing. Of particular interest is to detect lensed supernovae of type Ia (SNe Ia), because of their standard brightness. They could help improve lensing models and, if multiple images are observed, the Hubble constant can be measured independently.
In this thesis, we use galaxy clusters as gravitational telescopes to search for lensed SNe at high redshift. We performed ground-based, near-infrared and optical search campaigns towards the massive clusters Abell 1689 and 370, which are among the most powerful gravitational telescopes known. Our search resulted in the discovery of five photometrically classified, core- collapse SNe at redshifts of 0.671 < z < 1.703 with significant magnification from the cluster. Owing to the power of the lensing cluster, we calculated the volumetric core-collapse SN rates for 0.4 z < 2.9, and find good agreement with previous estimates and predictions from cosmic star formation history. During our survey, we also discovered two SNe Ia in A1689 cluster members, which allowed us to determine the cluster Ia rate. Furthermore, we discuss the expectations of finding lensed SNe at high redshift in simulated search campaigns that can be conducted with upcoming ground- and space-based telescopes.
Magnification from a galaxy lens also allows for detailed studies of the SN properties at high redshift that otherwise would not be possible. Spec- troscopic observations of lensed high-redshift SNe Ia are of particular interest since they can be used to test for evolution of the standard candle nature of these objects. However, if systematic redshift-dependent properties are found, their utility for future surveys could be challenged. We investigate whether the properties of the strongly lensed and very distant SN Ia PS1- 10afx at z = 1.4, deviates from the well-studied nearby and intermediate populations of normal SNe Ia. In other study, we report the discovery of the first resolved multiply-imaged gravitationally lensed SN Ia.
Keywords: supernovae, gravitational telescopes, galaxy clusters, lensed supernovae, strong lensing, astronomical surveys and telescopes
Published in RUNG: 23.01.2018; Views: 5002; Downloads: 0
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8. Testing for redshift evolution of Type Ia supernovae using the strongly lensed PS1-10afx at z = 1.4Tanja Petrushevska, Rahman Amanullah, Mattia Bulla, Markus Kromer, Raphael Ferretti, Ariel Goobar, Semeli Papadogiannakis, 2017, original scientific article Abstract: Context. The light from distant supernovae (SNe ) can be magnified through gravitational lensing when a foreground galaxy is
located along the line of sight. This line-up allows for detailed studies of SNe at high redshift that otherwise would not be possible.
Spectroscopic observations of lensed high-redshift Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are of particular interest since they can be used
to test for evolution of their intrinsic properties. The use of SNe Ia for probing the cosmic expansion history has proven to be an
extremely powerful method for measuring cosmological parameters. However, if systematic redshift-dependent properties are found,
their usefulness for future surveys could be challenged.
Aims. We investigate whether the spectroscopic properties of the strongly lensed and very distant SN Ia PS1-10afx at z = 1.4, deviates
from the well-studied populations of normal SNe Ia at nearby or intermediate distance.
Methods. We created median spectra from nearby and intermediate-redshift spectroscopically normal SNe Ia from the literature at
−5 and +1 days from light-curve maximum. We then compared these median spectra to those of PS1-10afx.
Results. We do not find signs of spectral evolution in PS1-10afx. The observed deviation between PS1-10afx and the median templates
are within what is found for SNe at low and intermediate redshift. There is a noticeable broad feature centred at λ ∼ 3500 Å, which is
present only to a lesser extent in individual low- and intermediate-redshift SN Ia spectra. From a comparison with a recently developed
explosion model, we find this feature to be dominated by iron peak elements, in particular, singly ionized cobalt and chromium.
Keywords: supernovae: individual: PS1-10afx – gravitational lensing: strong – supernovae: general
Published in RUNG: 23.01.2018; Views: 4656; Downloads: 0
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9. High-redshift supernova rates measured with the gravitational telescope A 1689Tanja Petrushevska, R. Amanullah, Ariel Goobar, S. Fabbro, Joel Johansson, Tor Kjellsson, Chris Lidman, K. Paech, Johan Richard, H. Dahle, Raphael Ferretti, J.P. Kneib, M. Limousin, Jakob Nordin, V. Stanishev, 2016, original scientific article Abstract: Aims. We present a ground-based, near-infrared search for lensed supernovae behind the massive cluster Abell 1689 at z = 0.18, which is one of the most powerful gravitational telescopes that nature provides.
Methods. Our survey was based on multi-epoch J-band observations with the HAWK-I instrument on VLT, with supporting optical data from the Nordic Optical Telescope.
Results. Our search resulted in the discovery of five photometrically classified, core-collapse supernovae with high redshifts of 0.671 < z < 1.703 and magnifications in the range ∆m = −0.31 to −1.58 mag, as calculated from lensing models in the literature.
Owing to the power of the lensing cluster, the survey had the sensitivity to detect supernovae up to very high redshifts, z ∼ 3, albeit for a limited region of space. We present a study of the core-collapse supernova rates for 0.4 ≤ z < 2.9, and find good agreement with previous estimates and predictions from star formation history. During our survey, we also discovered two Type Ia supernovae in A 1689 cluster members, which allowed us to determine the cluster Ia rate to be 0.14+0.19 −0.09 ± 0.01 SNuB h 2 (SNuB ≡ 10−12 SNe L −1 ,B yr−1), where the error bars indicate 1σ confidence intervals, statistical and systematic, respectively. The cluster rate normalized by the stellar mass is 0.10+0.13 −0.06 ± 0.02 in SNuM h 2 (SNuM ≡ 10−12 SNe M−1 yr−1). Furthermore, we explore the optimal future survey for improving the core-collapse supernova rate measurements at z & 2 using gravitational telescopes, and for detections
with multiply lensed images, and we find that the planned WFIRST space mission has excellent prospects.
Conclusions. Massive clusters can be used as gravitational telescopes to significantly expand the survey range of supernova searches, with important implications for the study of the high-z transient Universe.
Keywords: supernovae: general – gravitational lensing: strong – galaxies: star formation – galaxies: clusters: individual: A 1689 –
techniques: photometric
Published in RUNG: 23.01.2018; Views: 4794; Downloads: 0
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