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Found in: ključnih besedah
Keywords: ultra-high energy neutrinos, blazar TXS 0506+056, the Pierre Auger Observatory, high-energy astrophysics, neutrino astronomy, blazars, transient sources, active galaxies
Published: 20.10.2020; Views: 2310; Downloads: 0
Fulltext (696,03 KB)

Abstract: Advances in the development of lasers have led to a new class of radiation sources generating coherent, tunable, ultrashort light pulses in the spectral region ranging from infrared to soft X-rays. This includes high-order harmonics generation in gas (HHG), on which relies the CITIUS facility at University of Nova Gorica (Slovenia), and free-electron lasers (FELs), such as the facility FERMI at Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy). The distinctive structure of HHG and FEL radiation paved the way to time-resolved experiments, which are performed to investigate events occurring on a short, or very short, temporal scale, from picoseconds to femtoseconds. This work focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of some experimental techniques based on using these novel light sources to investigate the microscopic and/or ultrafast dynamics of matter samples, which have been previously driven out of equilibrium. Advantages rely on the implementation of various applications based on two-color schemes and, more specifically, include the possibility of acquiring two-dimensional frequency maps, measuring electrons’ effective masses, or investigating electronic properties decoupled from the influence of the lattice. Particular focus will be put on experimental methods relying on photoelectric effect and photoelectron spectroscopy. In all experiments, we took advantage of one or more specific properties of HHG and FEL sources, such as controllable chirp, to study laser dressed states in helium, variable polarization, to study electronic properties of iron-based pnictides and ultrashort pulses (< 10 fs) to study the purely electronic dynamics in transition metal dichalcogenides. On the other hand, the study of the interface between a molecule and a topological insulator revealed some intrinsic limitations and physical drawbacks of the technique, such as spurious effects originating from the high power pulses, like multiphoton absorption and the space charge effect, or the reduction of experimental resolution when pushing for shorter and shorter pulse durations. Some disadvantages are also connected to the current state-of-the-art in the field of ultrashort laser systems, where a trade-off needs to be found between repetition rate and laser power. Finally, state-of-the-art experiments based on the ability to generate ultrashort pulses carrying orbital angular momentum in visible, near-infrared as well as extreme UV range will be presented. The use of these pulses opens the door to the investigation of new physical phenomena, such as probing magnetic vortices using extreme ultraviolet light from a free-electron laser or imprinting the spatial distribution of an ultrashort infrared pulse carrying orbital angular momentum onto a photoelectron wave packet.
Found in: ključnih besedah
Keywords: ultrafast lasers, two-color experiments, photoemission, high-order harmonic generation, free-electron lasers, hot-electrons dynamics, surface science, pump-probe photoemission, ultraviolet photoemission, orbital angular momentum
Published: 02.12.2020; Views: 2741; Downloads: 100
Fulltext (19,78 MB)

Abstract: A new molecular-beam-epitaxy system for the growth of organic semiconductor layers was recently installed in the Laboratory for epitaxy and nanostructures of the Nova Gorica Polytechnic. The system is built around an ultra-high-vacuum chamber. The organic semiconductor material is evaporated from a low-temperature Knudsen cell. The system is equipped with a refraction high-energy electron-difraction system, a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
Found in: ključnih besedah
Keywords: ultra-high vacuum, molecular-beam epitaxy, Knudsen cell, mass quadrupole spectrometer, spectroscopic ellipsometer, high-energy electrons
Published: 10.07.2015; Views: 4609; Downloads: 22
Fulltext (0,00 KB)

Abstract: This study addresses online decomposition of high-density surface electromyograms (EMG) in real-time. The proposed method is based on previouslypublished Convolution Kernel Compensation (CKC) technique and sharesthe same decomposition paradigm, i.e. compensation of motor unit action potentials and direct identification of motor unit (MU) discharges. In contrast to previously published version of CKC, which operates in batch mode and requires ~ 10 s of EMG signal, the real-time implementation begins with batch processing of ~ 3 s of the EMG signal in the initialization stage and continues on with iterative updating of the estimators of MU discharges as blocks of new EMG samples become available. Its detailed comparison to previously validated batch version of CKC and asymptotically Bayesian optimal Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE) estimator demonstrates high agreementin identified MU discharges among all three techniques. In the case of synthetic surface EMG with 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio, MU discharges were identified with average sensitivity of 98 %. In the case of experimental EMG, real-time CKC fully converged after initial 5 s of EMG recordings and real-time and batch CKC agreed on 90 % of MU discharges, on average. The real-time CKC identified slightly fewer MUs than its batch version (experimental EMG, 4 MUs versus 5 MUs identified by batch CKC, on average), but required only 0.6 s of processing time on regular personal computer for each second of multichannel surface EMG.
Found in: ključnih besedah
Keywords: discharge pattern, high-density EMG, surface EMG, motor unit, real time decomposition
Published: 05.01.2016; Views: 4458; Downloads: 0

Abstract: We present the results of a search for small to intermediate scale anisotropies in the distribution of arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The data set, gathered in ten years of operation, includes arrival directions with zenith angles up to 80◦, and is about three times larger than that used in earlier studies. We update the test based on correlations with active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Véron-Cetty and Véron catalog, which does not yield a significant indication of anisotropy with the present data set. We perform a blind search for localized excess fluxes and for self-clustering of arrival directions at angular scales up to 30◦ and for different energy thresholds between 40 EeV and 80 EeV. We also examine the correlation of arrival directions with relatively nearby galaxies in the 2MRS catalog, AGNs detected by Swift-BAT, and a sample of radio galaxies with jets and with the Centaurus A galaxy. None of the searches shows a statistically significant evidence of anisotropy. The two largest departures from isotropy that were found have a post-trial probability ≈ 1.4%. One is for cosmic rays with energy above 58 EeV that arrive within 15◦ of the direction toward Centaurus A. The other is for arrival directions within 18◦ of Swift-BAT AGNs closer than 130 Mpc and brighter than 10[sup]44 erg/s, with the same energy threshold.
Found in: ključnih besedah
Keywords: ultra-high energy cosmic rays anisotropy studies active galactic nuclei Pierre Auger Observatory
Published: 02.03.2016; Views: 4489; Downloads: 226
Fulltext (1,32 MB)