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Abstract: Common land was, until land relief in 1848, mostly owned by the landlords and was managed and used by them and the village communities. This land generally comprised the less fertile and more remote areas, such as pastures and forests. The rights to use the latter were vital for the rural population, who depended in particular on common pasturage and wood, but also on leaves and other natural resources. The dissertation focuses on the 19th century and the early 20th century, up to the First World War. Although the second half of the 18th century is also considered in the interests of a comprehensive study. The presentation and interpretation of the state and changes of the common lands in the provinces of Carniola and Gorizia-Gradisca is followed by an in-depth case study of the area of the manor of Duino and after 1848 of the District Governorship of Sežana. Here, research focuses primarily on the long- standing official and unofficial processes by which common land was divided into private ownership or individual use. After 1848, the latter became the property of the village communities or the newly formed political municipalities. The legal status of the land and the role of the main actors (communities, mayors, beneficiaries, authorities) in these processes are therefore examined. This emphasises the socio- economic role of common land rights, which ultimately led to overexploitation and violations of land use restrictions (i.e. afforestation laws). The dissertation offers an original study as well as an in-depth analysis and interpretation of archival material that has not yet been studied or published. The problematic and unclear legal status of common land was the cause of numerous conflicts and controversies in the past, which were intensified by the existential importance of the land and peasant mentality. This situation was exacerbated in the 19th century, and was reflected in the various forms of legal status of common land or its shares after division. The use of common land was becoming even more restricted and the claims to the shares were all but obvious. Both use and entitlement were not free, as is often assumed. The beneficiaries paid and sometimes even overpaid for their rights. In the dissertation, we have outlined the various conditions for entitlement to common land or shares of common land, and interpreted the process of its division into private or common property. We have established that common land was divided into ownerships mainly from the mid-19th century onwards, which was linked to the land relief during 1848. It should be noted that it was divided into individual use before, and also after the mid-19th century. However, it was later more difficult for the authorities to approve this kind of division, as it did not comply with land relief legislation. As a result, such divisions eventually took place unofficially. Administrative reorganisations in the 19th century brought even more confusion to the process. The issue of unclear status accompanied and conditioned development on common land in the past, and it is legislation at state and local levels that has played and continues to play the greatest role in the management of common land.
Keywords: common land, Karst, microhistory, land use, privatization of land, 19th century, community, rights of the commoner, duties of the commoner, dissertations
Published in RUNG: 11.06.2025; Views: 112; Downloads: 0
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Abstract: Abstract The escalating use of plastic materials in viticulture causes release of microplastics (MPs) into vineyard soils. This study examines the impact on soil health of polypropylene (PP) raffia and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube strings, commonly mulched into the topsoil after use. A 120-d incubation experiment was conducted with soils exposed to high doses (10 g/kg) of microplastics (MPs) from standard, new and used strings. The study investigated alterations in the microbial community, bioavailability of macronutrients (NH4+ and NO3−, P, K, Ca, Mg), and bioavailability of micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg). The presence of MPs significantly stressed the soil microbial community, reducing microbial biomass by 30% after 30 d, with the exception of PVC in acid soil, which caused an unexpected increase of about 60%. The metabolic quotient (qCO2) doubled in MP-polluted soils, with PVC exerting a more pronounced effect than PP. Basal respiration increased by 25% relative to the acid control soil. PVC MPs raised soil pH from 6.2 to 7.2 and firmly reduced the bioavailability of micronutrients, particularly in acidic soils, and led to a 98% reduction in nitrate (NO3−). The availability of NH4+, P, K, Mg decreased by 10% and Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn by 30%. However, Ca availability increased by 30%, despite shifting from the acid-soluble fraction to soil organic matter and crystalline minerals. Calcareous soil was generally more resilient to changes than the acid soil. These findings underscore the urgent need to investigate the long-term effects of MPs from viticulture on soil properties and health.
Keywords: microplastics, soil, nutrient bioavailability, microbial community, viticulture
Published in RUNG: 22.11.2024; Views: 1321; Downloads: 7
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Abstract: The Chinese countryside has long been associated with cultural continuity, albeit in contradictory ways. It has been marginalized for several decades, while all development efforts have focused on urbanization. However, as the tensions and paradoxes of modern urban life become increasingly obvious, the countryside is once again recognized as an enduring symbol of authentic national values. Chinese traditional cultural heritage is rooted in Chinese traditional villages. In fact, being built before the coming of the Republic of China, those villages nowadays still possess a great deal of very important material and immaterial forms of cultural heritage, as a historical record of the Chinese nation development. Through the examination and study of traditional villages in Luoning, and the perspective of theories of architectural conservation theory, community co-construction, and private-public partnership, the dissertation proposes a hybrid county governance model to maximize the stakeholder's functions roles, and operational procedures in the preservation and development of the traditional villages. Thus, through the integration of three stability perspectives—cultural, economic, and social —the dissertation provides the government's optimization strategy for heritage preservation. In the first case study, the governance of Zhangzhuang's traditional village is examined. The village's residents share responsibility for one another and are frequently connected by strong family ties and regular community organization in decision-making. Unfortunately, this thriving community-led government is insufficiently prepared to deal with the expanding tourism industry, it fails when it comes to overarching development objectives, and it lacks substantial experience in the preservation of historic structures. The Second case study investigates the government-led traditional types of villages. These are characterized by low public and community participation, and underdeveloped commodity economies, but being usually of outstanding importance, they result rich in traditional material and intangible cultural resources and have great potential for developing a tourism sector. Government-led efforts to reactivate the development of these villages have the advantages of credibility and authority, preferential policy formulation, and government short-term funding. However, these villages face severe problems in terms of community involvement, complementary market economies, and insufficient long-term government funding. This condition is investigated in the second case of the government's conception and promotion of the "Hou Shangzhuang Village Traditional Village Restoration" project. Despite some initial success, the project came to a standstill due to the competing interests of businesses, the government, and the community. The third case study looks into traditional villages where the primary development component is driven by businesses, creating conditions for the growth of a market economy. The analysis demonstrates that enterprise investments benefit from complementary capital input, resource integration, and effective management. However, the issue of uneven income and benefit distribution, as well as excessive consumption of public resources, pose a serious threat to both: the authenticity and integrity of cultural heritage, as well as the fair and sustainable development of local communities. This situation is examined in the case study of Qianhe Village, where the tourism industry has grown through multiple investment operations by private enterprises. The dissertation examines diverse hybrid governance models for each of these three different cultural, social, and economic heritage contexts. In specific it points to the role of government to efficiently design, validate, and promote responsive solutions for the resilience of cultural heritage of traditional villages in China.
Keywords: Heritage, Traditional Chinese village preservation, planning and management, Government, Governance, Participation, Community Co-construction
Published in RUNG: 11.03.2024; Views: 2881; Downloads: 37
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Keywords: bilingualism, phonetics, heritage languages, minority languages, Slovenian community
Published in RUNG: 01.09.2022; Views: 2599; Downloads: 0
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Keywords: arctic microbial communities, aeolian dispersal, community assembly, 16S ribosomal RNA, microbial activity, atmospheric processes
Published in RUNG: 04.01.2021; Views: 3994; Downloads: 0
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